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Wpływ wyjścia Zjednoczonego Królestwa z Unii Europejskiej na wspólną politykę bezpieczeństwa i obrony UE

100%

Kubin T.

Przegląd Europejski

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2018

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nr 1(47)

103-122

PL

Wyjście Zjednoczonego Królestwa z Unii Europejskiej (tzw. Brexit) to jedno z najważniejszych wydarzeń w procesie integracji europejskiej. Wiąże się z wieloma doniosłymi konsekwencjami – zarówno dla UE, jak i dla samej Wielkiej Brytanii. Brexit m.in. wpłynie na bezpieczeństwo i Zjednoczonego Królestwa, i UE. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze: jak wyjście Wielkiej Brytanii z UE wpłynie na wspólną politykę bezpieczeństwa i obrony UE? Aby odpowiedzieć na tak postawione pytanie, dokonana zostanie identyfikacja czynników, które są najistotniejsze z punktu widzenia znaczenia Zjednoczonego Królestwa dla polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony UE. Pozwoli to pokazać, jak zmieni się potencjał UE w zakresie polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony gdy Wielka Brytania znajdzie się poza tą organizacją. Najważniejsze wnioski zawarto w podsumowaniu.

EN

The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (so-called Brexit) is one of the most important events in the process of European integration. It has a lot of extremely remarkable implications – both for the EU and for the United Kingdom. Among other, Brexit will affect the security of the United Kingdom and the EU. The aim of the study is to answer the research question: how will Britain’s exit from the EU influence the EU common security and defence policy? In order to answer this question, the factors that are most relevant to the United Kingdom’s significance for the EU’s security and defence policy will be identified. This will show how the EU’s potential of the security and defence policy will change when the UK leaves this organisation. The most important conclusions are included in the summary.

2

A ‘Last Resort’ or a ‘Bypass’? Development of Enhanced Cooperation and Its Meaning for the Problem of Stagnation of Integration in the European Union

100%

Kubin T.

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tom 20

31-60

EN

Completion of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was the last successful ‘grand project’ in the European Union (EU). Since then, the EU has either failed or, at most, quite effectively – but only responds to the emerging challenges and problems. At the same time, along with the stagnation in the deepening of integration between all the EU member states, differentiation of integration in the EU is progressing very rapidly. This phenomenon is a consequence of a mainly two processes: reform of the euro area and the development of the enhanced cooperation. The aim of the article is to try to analyze the problem of whether enhanced cooperation is really treated as a ‘last resort’ or, rather, gradually, as a specifi c ‘bypass’, which make it possible to overcome obstacles relating to launching a new integration projects. The starting point of this analysis is the thesis on the stagnation of integration in the EU, that has been taking place for more than a dozen years. Very synthetically this issue is addressed in the one part of the study. The succeeding two parts concern the development of enhanced cooperation and its importance in overcoming the stagnation of integration in the EU.

3

Kryzys gospodarczy w Hiszpanii. Przyczyny, przejawy, następstwa

100%

Kubin T.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2016

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tom 287

90-110

PL

Jednym z państw, które zostało najmocniej dotknięte następstwami światowego kryzysu gospodarczego, jest Hiszpania. Głównym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja gospodarczych przyczyn i następstw kryzysu w Hiszpanii, zarysowanie podjętych reform mających na celu walkę z jego skutkami oraz próba oceny ich skuteczności, tzn. tego, na ile pozwoliły poprawić podstawowe wskaźniki obrazujące stan gospodarki. W opracowaniu przedstawiono m.in. kilkanaście wskaźników gospodarczych obrazujących sytuację gospodarczą Hiszpanii bezpośrednio przed i po wybuchu kryzysu oraz pozycję tego państwa w rankingach konkurencyjności gospodarczej. W kolejnej części wskazano reformy gospodarcze podjęte przez władze Hiszpanii mające na celu walkę ze skutkami kryzysu. Podsumowanie zawiera najważniejsze wnioski.

EN

One of the states that has been hardest hit by the consequences of the global economic crisis, is Spain. The main aim of the article is to identify the economic causes and consequences of the crisis in Spain, a brief description of reforms undertaken to combat its effects and an attempt to assess their effectiveness that is to what extent they helped to improve the basic economic indicators. The study contains, among others, several economic indicators showing the economic situation of Spain immediately before and after the outbreak of the crisis and the position of the state in economic competitiveness rankings. In the next part the economic reforms undertaken by the Spanish authorities to combat the effects of the crisis have been listed. Summary contains the most important conclusions.

4

Wyjście Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej a zróżnicowanie integracji w UE

100%

Kubin T.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

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2018

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tom 1

45-68

EN

On March 29, 2017, as a consequence of the referendum of June 23, 2016, the British Prime Minister, Theresa May, notified the European Council the intention to leave the EU in accordance with art. 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). This means that within two years the United Kingdom will probably leave the EU. The phenomenon that we have dealt with since the beginning of the integration process within the European Communities (and later the EU) but which has more and more influence on the shape and functioning of the European Union for more or less decades, is the differentiation of integration in the EU between its member states. The UK’s exit from the EU and the progressive differentiation of integration within this organization are two extremely important processes that will strongly affect the shape and functioning of the EU. The main objective of this study is to try to answer the question of how UK’s exit from the EU will affect the process of differentiation integration in the EU. The starting point is an outline of the position of the United Kingdom in the EU in the context of differentiation of integration in the Union, i.e. identification of the most important exclusions of this state from the EU acquis communautaire (mainly the EU primary law). In the third part of the article, an attempt will be made to indicate the consequences of the exit of United Kingdom from the EU for deepening differences in the integration of the EU member states. The summary contains the main conclusions.