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Předpoklady sociologické metateorie a filosofie vědy

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Petrusek M.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2007

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tom 16/29

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nr 3-4

EN

As a challenge to those who do not give much credit to reflecting on sociology as a science, this essay stresses the import of metatheoretical considerations. After all, what is known as postmodern discourse is scarcely a little more than metatheorizing and the phenomenon of the so-called 'crisis of sociology' cannot be comprehended without some metatheoretical premises. Knowledge about knowledge should therefore form a special field of inquiry and enjoy its relative autonomy. In this article, the place for metasociology is delimitated by the account of the development of the general science of science. While the prefix 'meta-' originally came from linguistics as a way to differentiate a proposition about an object of science from a proposition about science itself, the history of metatheorizing can be traced back to ancient philosophy. Hence, the most important sources of inspiration for this intellectual activity are epistemology and the philosophy of science. A crucial moment in their development was the so-called 'crisis in physics' that carried over to social sciences and spawned many contemporary trends such as the multicultural approach to sociology and the radical stance of methodological anarchism. The major philosophical orientations that have most directly addressed the questions about the scientific knowledge have been neopositivism and analytical philosophy on one hand, and phenomenology on the other one. No claims about metasociology can be made without being acquainted with at least the elementary positions in this exchange of ideas that took place in the philosophy of science. Metasociology, itself divided into metatheory and metamethodology (or general methodology), makes up an integral part of the science of science.

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FORTY YEARS TOGETHER AND NEXT TO EACH OTHER (FRAGMENTS OF MEMORY AND SHREDS OF NOTES OF A CZECH SOCIOLOGIST ABOUT CZECHO-SLOVAK RELATIONS IN SOCIOLOGY) (Ctyricet let spolu i vedle sebe. (Strípky pameti ..k cesko-slovenskym vztahum v sociologii))

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Petrusek M.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2009

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tom 41

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nr 1

29-38

EN

The starting point of the article is a thesis about typological likeness of the founders of Czech and Slovak sociologies (Stefanek and Masaryk) who rather than being academic sociologists were 'action sociologists' focused on the sociology of small nations. Slovak sociology partly cultivated Stefanek's heritage but in the 1960s set out on its own course in a close cooperation with Czech sociology and eventually with world sociology as well. The article pays close attention to conflicts of interest between audacious Slovak sociologists and totalitarian ideological power. Obviously, author relies on his own personal experience and contacts since a synthetic and critical assessment of the development of Slovak sociology between 1969 and 2009 is still unavailable. He appreciates the courage to develop unconventional theoretical topics and also the fact that Slovak sociological journal 'Sociologia' was open - according to possibilities in that period - even for those Czech sociologists (Mozny, Stritecky, Petrusek and others) who were in the Czech lands formally excommunicated from sociology. After the establishing of independent states in 1993 the development of sociology in both countries took off for different directions, which shall be comparatively analyzed in the immediate future.

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Prawda jako problem noetyczny i etyczny w myśli czeskiej (od Masaryka do Havla)

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Petrusek M.

ΣΟΦΙΑ. Pismo Filozofów Krajów Słowiańskich

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2008

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nr 8

15-23

RU

В статье автор показывает влияние политиков и деятелей культуры на формирование чешской народной идентичности, подчеркивает многозначительную роль истины в этом процессе. Ко времени Яна Гуса восходит традиция этого понятия, продолженная политиками и интеллектуалами Масариком и Вацлавом Гавелом, Варовкой, Радлом, Козаком, Паточкой. Истина в чешской мысли всегда имела измерение не только познавательное, но и моральное. Она стимулировала и определяла принципы политической и общественной деятельности, а также изменения, произошедшие в чешском обществе в ХIХ и ХХ веке.

EN

In this article the author points to the influence of people culture and politics in shaping the Czech national identity. He emphasizes the role of truth in this process. The tradition of this concept dates back to the days of John Hus, and was continued by politicians and intellectuals such as Masaryk and Vaclav Havel, Varovka, Rádl, Kozák, Patoćka. True, in the Czech thought, had always not only cognitive but also moral dimension. It was as the stimulus and the determinant of legitimacy of the political and social action and changes in Czech society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Společnost jako sociální konstrukce a text

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Petrusek M.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2008

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tom 17/30

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nr 3-4

5-54

EN

The moderate interpretation of the Thomas' Theorem suggests little more than a failure at the assessment of objective situation. Its radical interpretation allows thinking the existence of new social reality. The postmodern condition facilitates this understanding. The underlying idea is not recent; Marx's theory is a precursor to the constructionist approach. The canonical foundations of social constructionism were laid by Berger and Luckmann, who sought to reconcile Weberian and Durkheimian traditions in their concept of the social construction of reality. Phenomena like gender or consumerism appear to be suitable objects for such an approach. Attribution of meaning in culture nonetheless offers to expand the principle to any domain and, in some cases, such as the labeling theory of deviation, it tries its own limits. Applied to science itself, the principle raises questions about the status of scientific knowledge that circumvent epistemological issues. Social constructionism is itself surpassed by the linguistic turn and discursive theories of society. The notion of society as text may challenge realist and objectivist positions. In order to remain productive, however, the notion must retain the presupposition of order and rules of reading and thus admit that, actually, society is not merely a text.

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Redukcionismus bez pověr a iluzí. Dějiny a současnost sociologie jako svár „identity“ s redukcionismem

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Petrusek M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2008

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tom 44

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nr 5

859-889

EN

From the very outset sociology has waged a fight for its survival against 'reductionism': it resists the interpretation of social phenomena through other levels of reality (demographic, biological, geographic), because allegedly that would deny the specificity of social life and the singularity of humans as a unique biological species. However, the current state of knowledge, especially dynamic developments in biology (socio-biology, neo-Darwinism, evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology), has forced sociology to re-think its relationship to reductionism in general - accepting it as a possible principle of interpretation - and specifically - precisely specifying when it is possible and useful to apply the reductionist principle. Although it is possible to respect criticism of radical reductionism (Frankl, Bertalanffy), today it is necessary to search for new ways of cooperating with the natural sciences and probably even to re-design study curricula in the field. By accepting the reductionist principle sociology is not losing its specificity, as long as it takes into the account the distinctiveness of the social and natural sciences (some social phenomena really cannot be described or explained in reductionist terms).

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THE SOCIOLOGICAL INSPIRATION OF LEVI-STRAUSS (Sociologicke inspirace Clauda Levi-Strausse)

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Petrusek M.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2010

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tom 42

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nr 4

383-403

EN

This study, which also has bearing on recent death of Claude Levi-Strauss, is concerned both with the questions how his work influenced sociology and how sociological thinking of his time was affected by his writings. Specifically, the following topics are addressed: the revitalization of the Durkheimian school, the relation between 'authentic' and 'inauthentic' societies, the problem of the historical perspective in the social sciences (in controversy with Sartre), his contribution to delineation (and redefinition) of the concept of 'social structure' (in controversy with Gurvitch), the formulation of the ' open future' problem, and especially the topic of progress (Levi-Strauss is considered to be a moderate 'cultural pessimist'). Three other significant problems are sketched out in this text: the transformation of the relation between anthropology and sociology, the question of race and the problem of racism – which are not unequivocal in Levi-Strauss's conception (and this holds true also for the topic of multiculturalism) - and the relation between 'classical structuralism' and post-structuralism.

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Sociologie vědy a sociologická metateorie

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Petrusek M.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2007

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tom 16/29

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nr 2

31-59

EN

The article surveys the ways science was thematized as a sociological subject. It starts with the reflections on knowledge and science in the Enlightenment, further reviews the main contributions of Comtean philosophy and sociology of science, stresses Merton's role in making the traditional sociology of knowledge open to empirical research, and traces the subsequent development of the field: the progress of quantitative analyses and ethnographic researches of science, the Kuhnian turn towards historicizing and Foucaultian turn towards the politics of science, the evolution of cognitive sociology of science, as well as the inspirations drawn from works of Bloor, Barnes, and Latour.