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Pochówki zwierzęce we wczesnym okresie epoki brązu na terenie Europy środkowo-wschodniej

100%

Kołodziej B.

tom 5

141-358

The animal burials have been discovered in a great quantities throughout the Early Bronze Age over a wide East-Central European area. This phenomenon is a continuation of the Neolithic Age tradition. Animal burials are divided into several different types, however we can distinguish two general forms: individual animal burials and connected with human graves. After consideration of the types of the graves, additional grave goods, orientation of the dead animals, species, number, age and sex of the individuals, and comparison the foregoing data with the consumption habits, Author is convinced of an offering character of this kind of ritual practices.

Influence of extraction methods on the recovery of astragaloside IV from the roots ofAstragalus mongholicusin Soxhlet- and Twisselmann-type apparatus

32%

Kukuła-Koch W. , Baj T. , Sieniawska E. , Koch W. , Widelski J. , Luchowska K. , Kołodziej B. , Głowniak K.

2015

tom 13

nr 1

Astragalus mongholicus, commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), contains significant amounts of triterpene saponins – astragalosides, which possess a wide variety of pharmacological actions, including the treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The present study was performed to develop a fast and effective extraction method of saponins from crude plant material using Twisselmann-type apparatus. Moreover, a detailed comparison between Soxhlet and Twisselmann apparatus was performed to explain the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. The content of astragaloside IV – the major saponin of A. mongholicus extracts and chosen as an extraction efficiency marker ‒ was determined by means of RP-HPLCELSD chromatography in an herein optimized method. Twisselmann extraction shortened its duration from 4 to 2 hours in comparison with the Soxhlet method ‒ a generally accepted method preparation for this extract. The effectiveness of both apparatus was alike (3.24 ± 0.44 mg and 3.48 ± 0.26 mg of astragaloside IV/ 4g of powdered root for 2 hours in Twisselmann and 4 hours in Soxhlet apparatus). Compared with a pharmacopoeial method, the application of Twisselmann apparatus enabled a decrease in analysis time of 50%, which is of high significance, especially for large, scaled-up industrial scale.