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The semantics of ‘white' in Polish and Swedish

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Pietrzak-Porwisz G.

tom 123

The paper presents a contrastive analysis of Polish and Swedish expressions featuring the term ‘white', in particular as the adjectives biały and vit. The semantics of the colour is reconstructed through the analysis of the collocability of the corresponding adjectives with names of different classes of objects and phenomena, both in the literal and figurative senses. An attempt is made to discover similarities and differences between the analysed words.In the case of ‘white' it is important to differientiate between quantitative and qualitative aspects of the colour, that is, between its luminosity and quality. Quantitatively, both adjectives prototypically refer to daylight. Qualitatively, ‘white' is linked to snow. This is supported not only by the collocability but also by the linguistic connotations that arise from the prototypical meanings. ‘White' is associated on the one hand with ‘bright' and ‘legal' and on the other hand with ‘clean' and ‘moral'. Both prototypical references are associated with ‘good'.Other meanings for the adjectives not derived from their protytypes are ‘unknown', ‘lacking', and ‘conservative'. Both adjectives are also used in expressions describing humans.The differences between the languages appear minor. Biały and vit show similarity in the collocability and in the set of semantic connotations.

Mellan domesticering och exotisering. Kulturreferenser i äldre och nyare översättningar av Maj Sjöwalls och Per Wahlöös kriminalromaner till polska

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Pietrzak-Porwisz G.

Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia

2015

tom 17

19-34

The present paper deals with culture-specific items as a translational problem. It is based on two Polish translations of four Swedish books from the famous detective series by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö. The aim of the study is to analyze some of the practices employed by two Polish translators against the translation methods proposed by Newmark (1988), Svane (2002) and Ingo (2009). For this purpose a number of highly specific cultural items have been collected and the methods applied by translators have been identified. The analysis has shown a big difference between translators in dealing with culture-specific items. The first translator, Maria Olszańska, adopts such translation methods as calque translation, hyperonym, functional equivalent, paraphrase and omission. The other translator, Halina Thylwe, prefers transference and calque translation combined with additional explanations, either in the main part of the text or in footnotes. The methods employed by both translators are a result of choosing between global translation strategies domestication and foreignization (Venuti 1995). Domestication, adopted in the older translations, minimizes the strangeness of the Swedish text to the Polish readers, whereas foreignization in the newer translations retains the foreignness of the original.

The semantics of temperature adjectives in Polish and Swedish (literal senses)

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Pietrzak-Porwisz G.

tom 125

The paper presents a semantic comparison of the basic temperature adjectives in Polish (zimny ‘cold', chłodny ‘cool, chilly', letni ‘lukewarm, tepid', ciepły ‘warm', gorący ‘hot') and in Swedish (kall ‘cold', kylig ‘chilly', sval ‘cool', ljum ‘lukewarm, tepid', varm ‘varm', het ‘hot'). The semantics of temperature terms is reconstructed through an analysis of their collocability with names of different classes of objects.The analysis shows that Polish and Swedish differ in their division of the temperature domain. The similarities between the two languages are limited to the adjective pairs zimny – kall and letni – ljum, which have almost identical combinability and connotations. The differences occur in the case of temperatures described in Polish with the adjective chłodny. The two Swedish equivalents, kylig and sval, apply to the same temperature range, but they have different connotations – the former is associated with luck of thermal comfort, wheras the latter is used in relation to pleasantly cooling temperatures, often in contrast to very high temperatures.Polish and Swedish differ also in conceptualisation of warmer temperature regions. The Swedish lexeme varm has a wider usage than the Polish ciepły, and occures in contexts in which the Polish gorący is applied, for example varmchoklad – gorąca czekolada ‘hot chocolate'. Swedish het has more limited applicability than the Polish gorący and refers mainly to extremely high temperatures which are regarded as uncomfortable or dangerous (whereas gorący can be used referring to both pleasant and unpleasant temperatures).