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Kategoria rodziny w słowniku dzieci okresu średniego dzieciństwa. Ujęcie diachroniczne

100%

Stawiarska K. , Kielar-Turska M.

tom 25

nr 2

45-59

Vocabulary especially changes under the influence of cultural alternations. For example, the changing structure and function of the family in the contemporary world, causes modification of the family lexical representation. The goal of this study was to show changes in the mental lexicon of Polish preschool children in the space of 24 years. The domain of the mental lexicon chosen to be examined, is the family. We compared our results with the results collected by Zgółkowa and Bułczyńska in 1987. The investigation was conducted in a sample of 100 preschool children (age 3–7). We designed the experiment based on self-designed tasks, provoking children to talk about their families. It was expected that present-day preschoolers would talk about their families in the same way as the children, who were living in the late 1980s. This hypothesis had been confirmed. Present-day children use the same words as their peers who were living in the 1980s, when they talk about relatives. However, both groups of children differ according to word frequency. Nowadays, comparing with 1987, some names of family relations are used more often, while some have a lower frequency.

Strategie komunikacyjne stosowane przez matki w interakcji z małym dzieckiem

100%

Kielar-Turska M. , Lasota A.

nr 1

Parental communications strategies in interactionAdult orientation in child development reveals the parents’ upbringing concepts and allows predicting the results of refl exive interactions between an adult and a child (Goodnow, Colins 1990, Miller, Davis 1992, Kielar-Turska 1997). Numerous studies point to the significance of the mother’s communication strategy in the child’s development (e.g. Bornstein, Cote 2005; Ozcaliskan, Goldin-Meadow 2005). A correlation between a child’s behaviour and the strategies employed in the adult’s contact with him/her has been confirmed. The observational study on 99 children aged 2.6 at various stages of linguistic development (developmental norm; with underdeveloped speech; high-achieving) in contact with their mothers has demonstrated that a child’s behaviour leads a mother to employ corresponding strategies. Thus, the mothers of children in normal linguistic and communicative development actually employed developing strategies more often and broadened the child’s attention. They engaged in play with the child and were able to adjust to him/her. In turn, the mothers of children with underdeveloped speech tended to do things for the child by limiting its activities through operative control. Difficulties in adjusting to the child were noted. Finally, the mothers of overdeveloped children frequently did not participate in the child’s activities, granting him/her significantliberty. In play, the mothers broadened the child’s attention or redirected it to other objects. The results of the study encourage a rethinking of the problem of mutual impact of an adult’s and a child’s behaviour in everyday interaction. They may also serve as a resource for educating parents.

Rozwój zdolności mentalizacji. Z badań nad związkiem teorii umysłu, sprawności językowych i funkcji zarządzającej

80%

Kielar-Turska M. , Białecka-Pikul M. , Skórska A.

nr 2

The development of the mentalising ability. The research on the relation between theories of mind, language abilities and executive functionsThe main aim of the presented research was to indicate relations between the chosen factors of cognitive control that make a preschool child to develop the ability to mentalise –means reflect and consciously control his or her own behavior and thinking. Three such factors were searched: theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities.39 children aged 4 and 6 were tested with: False Belief Tests, Test of Language Development HSET by Grimm i Schöler and tests to examine 4 aspects of executive functions (flexibility, working memory, planning and organization, inhibition).There were 3 directions of the analysis of the obtained results and they indicate that: there are relations between theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities (the correlation is between 0.65 and 0.76); the tested aspects of theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities are interrelated to the different degree; there are important developmental changes in the tested factors of cognitive control in children aged form 4 to 6.