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Pojęcie wierzytelności stwierdzonej pismem w przepisach o przelewie wierzytelności

100%

Katner P.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

2021

tom 30

nr 1

79-104

Assignment is a basic and commonly used method for transferring claims. The article addresses the practical problem of how to understand the term “a claim evidenced in writing”, which is referred to in Article 511 and Article 514 of the Polish Civil Code that govern the assignment. The issue is particularly important in the light of the latter provision, since it establishes an exception to the effectiveness against the assignee of a stipulation contained in the creditor’s agreement with the debtor on the exclusion or limitation of the assignment (pactum de non cedendo) provided for in Article 509 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code. The term under consideration is understood differently in the academic legal writings and the matter is quite often only briefly dealt with by the authors, while the case-law raises some doubts and presents certain differences and inconsistencies. In the course of the analysis, following an outline of the views presented in the case-law and by the legal scholars, it was separately examined whether the term “a claim evidenced in writing” should be understood identically in the light of both provisions in which it can be found; what should be understood as a claim that is evidenced in writing and who should do it. In conclusion, it was established that, in the Polish Civil Code, the term “a claim evidenced in writing” should be understood as a signed document (bearing a qualified electronic signature where it is in the electronic form) that a reasonable person can regard without any doubt as covering the entire content of the claim. The circle of subjects who should sign it is not identical under Article 511 and Article 514 of the Polish Civil Code, as – in the case of the former article – it is broader under certain conditions, while – in the case of the latter article – the document should always be signed or approved in writing by the debtor. On the basis of the considerations made, the question that is disputed in the literature was then examined, namely whether a VAT invoice should be regarded as a claim evidenced in writing within the meaning of Article 511 and Article 514 of the Polish Civil Code. To this question a negative answer was actually given.

Miejsce spełnienia świadczenia w świetle art. 4541 k.c. – zagadnienia prawne

100%

Katner P.

Studia z Zakresu Nauk Prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea

2015

tom V

65-73

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy problematyki skutków wprowadzenia do kodeksu cywilnego ustawą z dnia 30 maja 2014 r. o prawach konsumenta art. 4541 k.c., zgodnie z którym jeżeli przedsiębiorca jest obowiązany przesłać rzecz konsumentowi do oznaczonego miejsca, miejsce to uważa się za miejsce spełnienia świadczenia, zaś zastrzeżenie przeciwne jest nieważne. Z jednej strony poczynione uwagi dotyczą charakteru prawnego przepisu oraz przedmiotowego zakresu jego zastosowania. Z drugiej - w przypadku istnienia obowiązku przesłania rzeczy konsumentowi - analizowany jest wpływ wynikającej z art. 4541 k.c. zmiany miejsca spełnienia świadczenia przedsiębiorcy na prawa i obowiązki stron, w tym związane z ponoszeniem kosztów wydania rzeczy, a także na właściwość miejscową sądu w przypadku zaistnienia sporu.

The following article concerns the issues of the consequences resulting from the resolution introduced to the civil code by the bill from the 30th May 2014 concerning consumer rights, article 4541 of the civil code, according to which if a dealer is obliged to deliver an item to a specific place, then the place is understood as the place of executing a given service, whereas opposite reservation is not valid. On the one hand, the remarks made, concern the legal aspect of the resolution, as well as the objective scope of its use. On the other, taking into consideration the obligation to deliver a given item to the buyer, the influence of the change of service execution resulting from the introduction of article 4541 into the rights and obligations of the two parties, including the costs of giving out the item, was analyzed, together with place jurisdiction in the case of an argument.