Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Visual features of cartographic representation in map perceptron

100%

Żyszkowska W.

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2016

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tom Vol. 48, No. 1

5--15

EN

The author describes the properties and mechanisms of visual perception in the context of their significance to the principles of symbol design as used in cartography. Map perception relies on the process of visual perception. Therefore, the knowledge of its inner workings in the map environment allows cartographers to construct cartographic symbols in agreement with the properties of the visual system. Visual perception involves neurosensory processes taking place between the eye and the short-term memory. As such, they operate independently of the beholder’s consciousness and significantly influence the information received by the map user. The author discusses the mechanisms of human vision and the nature of the process of visual perception. It also shows the relationships between the image characteristic and the visual system’s properties such as the optical resolution, visual adaptation, reactions of inhibition and reinforcement, reactions to the image characteristics - as well as the phenomena of contrast, grouping and spatial arrangement. The principles of constructing map symbols that have been developed in the long course of cartography, and based mostly on the map makers’ intuition, find validation in the light of properties and mechanisms of visual perception. As discussed in the paper, the fundamental properties and basic mechanisms of human vision support the view that knowledge of how the visual system works provides foundation for articulating new mapping guidelines and cartographers’ calls for stricter observance of cartographic principles are fully justified.

2

Map perception: theories and research in the second half of the twentieth century

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Żyszkowska W.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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tom Vol. 47, No. 4

179--190

EN

Until the 1990s map perception research was one of the main parts of cartography as a scientific discipline. In the last years of the century map perception research fell out of favor as cartographers turned their attention to the new computer technology. In the first decade of the 21th century the problems of map perception became more frequent in cartographic journals. The article recaps the main problems, theories and research conducted in the twentieth century. The main concepts connected with map perception are discussed: use, utilization, reception and interpretation. These terms are used differently in different research orientations. The author assumes that the terms: reception, reading and perception are unambiguous and perception should be treated as a complex of active and highly interactive processes, leading to identification and understanding of the visible image. The relation of perception research with theory of cartography are presented in three stages of development of the research. In the first, intuitive stage, very important role played eminent cartographers Max Eckert and Karl Peucker, who appreciated the role of human perception in cartography. The second stage began with the research initiated by A.H. Robinson in the 1950s. In the stage perceptual research contributed to the physical aspects of cartographic signs and the psychophysical orientation emerged. Perception has been accepted as an element of cartographic communication theory, modeling theory and cartographic semiotics. The third stage of perceptual research emerged as a result of criticism of empirical research effects. Cartographers turned to methods and theories of cognitive psychology and cognitive orientation was a main paradigm of the research. Perception is perceived as one of the elements of the human cognitive system and considered in the context of higher lever cognitive processes, participating in cartographic information processing. Two methodological approaches can be set apart: theoretical and experimental. In the theoretical approach the processing succession is considered and some models of cartographic processing models were presented. The first decade of the 21st century opens a new stage of perceptual research. It can be named cognitive-digital as the research is based on computer software and is concentrated on cognitive aspects of map perception.

3

Geomorfometria - parametry morfometryczne w charakterystyce rzeźby terenu

63%

Wieczorek M. , Żyszkowska W.

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tom T. 43, nr 2

130-144

PL

Autorki przedstawiają geomorfometrię jako dziedzinę związaną z określaniem morfometrycznych cech powierzchni terenu, jej podstawowe problemy oraz metody oparte na numerycznych modelach terenu.

EN

Morphometry, which has been accompanying geography sińce 19th century, establishes numerical parameters describing Earth surface relief. Every type of measurement is conditioned by certain methodological assumptions which determine the way they are conducted. In the process it is very important to adjust the scale of the elaboration to the size of forms under analysis and to the goal of research. The choice of the size of reference units in which morphometric parameters are determined is equally essential. A.F. Pitty (1969), A.J.W. Gerard and DA. Robinson (1971) stressed the relation between the calculated slope angle and the size of the interval in which the angle is measured, even during measurements in open terrain. Morphometric parameters in traditional morphometry were determined on the basis of contour-line image of relief. Slope and slope aspect were then determined. Nowadays, the parameters are calculated on the basis of digital terrain models in the form of TIN or GRID. The article presents the algorithms for calculation of slope and slope aspect with the use of raster model. Depending on the number of adjacent grids considered in calculations, the algorithms for the determination of slope and slope aspect base on two, three, four, eight and nine points (P.L. Guth 1995). Among basic attributes of topographic surface describing the shape of the slope is surface curvature,

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Dorobek i stan polskiej kartografii w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu

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Czerny A. , Kałamucki K. , Ostrowski W. , Żyszkowska W.

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tom T. 31, nr 1

3-14

PL

Artykuł przedstawia dorobek kartografii geograficznej w drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych i w latach dziewięćdziesiątych w kontekście zmian politycznych i gospodarczych, postępu technologicznego oraz nowych kierunków w teorii i metodologii kartografii. Na tym tle scharakteryzowano dzisiejszy stan polskiej kartografii oraz stojące przed nią zadania.

EN

The present state and development of Polish cartography during the past decade was chiefly influenced by the political changes after 1989, which resulted in, among others, the suppression of censorship and development of market economy. Thanks to these changes, the general access to large- and medium scale topographic and thematic maps has been granted, as well as the supply of maps and atlases elaborated by newly created firms grew extensively. Another important factor of the development of Polish cartography, also connected with the development of market economy, was the wider application of modern digital techniques. The computer aided graphics has been applied to produce maps more and more often (in encyclopedias, atlases, tourist and city maps as well as multi-sheet topographic and thematic maps). Despite the delay, compared with the developed countries, digital cartography (GIS-aided map elaboration) has been developing faster and faster. In the field of topographic mapping, the new concept of 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 scale maps is worth mentioning. The elaboration and publication, according to this new concept, of around 1,000 sheets of the 1:10,000 map (covering 6% of the country) as well as around 350 sheets of the 1:50,000 map (33% of the country). The 1:50,000 scale map is also used as a base map to produce a series of thematic maps prepared by the state institutions (i.e.hydrographic, geoecological and geologic maps). Within the Corine-Land Cover program a nationwide land cover database based on the satellite imagery has been created. In the field of atlas cartography the publication of the "Atlas Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (Atlas of the Republic of Poland - national atlas) and "Atlas Śląska Dolnego i Opolskiego" (Atlas of the Lower and Opole Silesia - regional atlas) are considered the most important achievements. On the threshold of a new century the Polish cartography is to face the following important goals: - introduction of a uniform nationwide system of gathering and distributing digital spatial data - adoption of an uniform, national map datum for all state topographic and thematic maps, as well as the elaboration of digital version of these maps - constant modernization of the process of cartographic education - elaboration of a series of new school atlases corresponding with the new school curricula.