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3 Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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The structure and dynamics of normal language processing: Insights from neuroimaging

100%

Heim S.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

2005

tom 65

nr 1

95-116

This paper reviews current psycholinguistic and neuroimaging evidence on language processing with particular focus on the relationship between production and comprehension. In the first part, different methods of psycholinguistic research are introduced and examples for psycholinguistic models (production: Levelt et al. 1999; comprehension: Friederici 2002) are sketched. In the second part, the neural correlates of semantic, phonological, and syntactic processing are reviewed. For semantics and phonology there seem to be different fronto-temporal networks which are shared in production and comprehension. The results for the processing of syntactic information are not entirely conclusive. Yet the data reveal that phonological strategies may be used in syntactic tasks. This finding opens the discussion of alternative, phonology-based strategies for language processing. Such strategies are accounted for by dual-route models featuring one direct and one indirect route which often involves phonological processing. This insight leads to some tentative conclusions about remediation strategies in dyslexics with selective (e.g., phonological) deficits.

Prosodic pitch accents in language comprehension and production: ERP data and acoustic analyses

63%

Heim S. , Alter K.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

2006

tom 66

nr 1

55-68

We used event-related potentials (ERPs) and acoustic analyses to investigate the processing of prosodic pitch accents as a function of their position in a sentence. Accents in sentence-medial positions were characterised by a higher fundamental frequency (F0) and an increased duration. They elicited negative ERP components around 400 ms. When the accent was predictable, this negativity was fronto-laterally distributed and identified as the previously known Expectancy Negativity. Unpredictable accents elicited a more broadly distributed N400 with a central maximum, reflecting difficulties in semantic processing. In contrast, words with sentence-initial pitch accents had a higher F0 but of the same duration as in words without pitch accents. These pitch accents elicited a P200 but no negativity at a 400 ms time window. The P200 was modulated by the onset latency of the F0 peak rather than its magnitude. We discuss the possibility of a delayed processing of sentence-initial accents when the actual occurrence of an F0 peak can be identified by comparison with a subsequent reduced pitch shape in the signal.

Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia

32%

Heim S. , Tschierse J. , Amunts K. , Wilms M. , Vossel S. , Willmes K. , Grabowska A. , Huber W.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

2008

tom 68

nr 1

73-82

Different theories conceptualise dyslexia as either a phonological, attentional, auditory, magnocellular, or automatisation deficit. Such heterogeneity suggests the existence of yet unrecognised subtypes of dyslexics suffering from distinguishable deficits. The purpose of the study was to identify cognitive subtypes of dyslexia. Out of 642 children screened for reading ability 49 dyslexics and 48 controls were tested for phonological awareness, auditory discrimination, motion detection, visual attention, and rhythm imitation. A combined cluster and discriminant analysis approach revealed three clusters of dyslexics with different cognitive deficits. Compared to reading-unimpaired children cluster no. 1 had worse phonological awareness; cluster no. 2 had higher attentional costs; cluster no. 3 performed worse in the phonological, auditory, and magnocellular tasks. These results indicate that dyslexia may result from distinct cognitive impairments. As a consequence, prevention and remediation programmes should be specifically targeted for the individual child's deficit pattern.