Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Teologia pokuty pierwszych wieków chrześcijaństwa w kościele wschodnim

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Chłopowiec M.

Roczniki Teologii Moralnej

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2011

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tom 3

131-152

EN

Penance belongs to these sacramental events, in which the difference of views between the Eastern and Western Churches was intensified for many different reasons. It was not, however, the problem of setting different goals, but of using different means or methods in order to attain them. In the present article the issues are presented from the perspective of the Eastern Church, in the light of the teaching and directives given by its most representative (in the author's opinion) members and of the decisions of synods that took place in the Christian East at that time.

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Orygenes’ teachings on sin

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Chłopowiec M.

Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny

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2019

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tom 22

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nr 2

PL

Social upheavals in the 3rd century AD, caused by the decline of the paganism, growth of the influence of Gnosticism and strengthening of Christianity, as well as the decline of morals accompanying these social changes, led Orygenes to deep reflection on the subject of evil and towards searching for the best ways to eliminate it. To have a chance of victory, the nature of evil and sin had to be described first. The author proposes that humans have an innate tendency to evil, that evil is a natural attribute of humanity and sin appears in human existence naturally, as an external compulsion. The only way to free oneself from this series of misfortunes is to make an effort towards the conversion to good. Evil that affects human beings is dualistic: it’s not a gradual phenomenon but an opposite of good. And thus, if humans are inclined to evil, one needs to accept it as an inherent part of the world and learn how to both reluctantly coexist with it, and how to battle it with the help of spiritual beings. Orygenes’ analysis of sin is based on an allegorical interpretation of the Revelation of the Holy Scriptures.

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I rituali e le celebrazioni del processo della riconciliazione del peccatore nella Chiesa occidentale dei primi secoli

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Chłopowiec M.

Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny

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2018

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tom 18

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nr 1

PL

Nella sollecitudine per la conversione del peccatore la Chiesa sviluppò diversi processi penitenziali. Già la comunità primitiva conobbe la prassi della scomunica del peccatore, per un tempo determinato, dalla comunione del popolo di Dio, per spingerlo alla conversione (cfr. 1 Cor 5,1-13). Per il perdono delle colpe quotidiane si ritenevano sufficienti la preghiera, il digiuno, l’elemosina e altre opere buone. Nell’epoca seguente solamente i cosiddetti peccati capitali, ai quali appartenevano innanzitutto l’apostasia, l’omicidio e l’adulterio, furono sottoposti a un pubblico procedimento penitenziale. A partire dal sec. VI, sotto l’influsso dei monaci itineranti iroscozzesi, si confessava la propria colpa a un sacerdote e se ne riceveva l’assoluzione. L’opera penitenziale, che originariamente doveva precedere l’assoluzione, poté ben presto essere compiuta dopo. Già nel sec. IX viene richiesto di confessarsi una o anche tre volte l’anno.

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Characteristic Features of the Church in Early Medieval Ireland

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Chłopowiec M.

Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny

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2019

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tom 26

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nr 2

PL

Wczesnośredniowieczny Kościół irlandzki miał swoją specyfikę, mocno uwarunkowaną geograficzną izolacją, która sprzyjała rozwojowi koncepcji i praktyk lokalnych. Znalazło to swój wyraz na różnych polach aktywności religijnej. Ukształtowała się tam odmienna od kontynentalnej duchowość oraz organizacja życia kościelnego. Ta ostatnia stanowiła konsekwencję dominacji klasztorów mniszych i przez nie rekomendowanych rozwiązań. W związku z tym nastąpiła marginalizacja znaczenia i władzy biskupów. Powstawały autonomiczne, zależne od wspólnot mniszych centra decyzyjne, podatne tym samym na deformacje.

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Pokuta w dokumentach synodalnych chrześcijańskiej starożytności

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Chłopowiec M.

Vox Patrum

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2010

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tom 55

121-134

EN

Theology of penance, the deed, was shaped by theologians and legislation, which mainly, in the first epoch, led to punishment. The nature of foreseen reward was (relatively) exactly defined by the quantity and quality. Obligatory resolutions where defined to current law and community, therefore undertaken resolutions were not necessarily in the scope of defined requirements, that is why, in general, rarely obligated the church. Resolutions of two synods taken place in Elwir and Ancyr, introduced in the first part of the article, deemed to have the most severe requirements, without references from synods from other provinces. The second part of the article shows decisions, undertaken by synods in concrete uses, in chosen fields of life and individual states. Over the centuries, formulated sanctions, as an example, showed a progressive appeasement of penitential achievement, even if such process was not at a uniform rate.

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Pokutna peregrinatio we wczesnym średniowieczu

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Chłopowiec M.

Vox Patrum

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2018

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tom 69

83-103

EN

Pilgriming is generally understood as a kind of motivational, religious mowing to “saint places” revived by the atonement intention (to rarely thankful) for God given goodness, which is subjectively believed to be meaningful. In thereby interpretation, only visible aspect comes to the foreground, without getting into its theological proof. In hereby elaboration, however, the topic of theological issue is touched upon, not in a sense of a detailed meaning of the notion, but by showing the historical determinations conditioning the way of understanding the notion. In Christian bastion of the discussed phenomenon is the Middle East, from where the solutions have been transferred to the West, in somewhat different categories. The transfer, both in theory and in practice, could be possible only due to people’s engagement, who were fascinated with the eastern spirituality. Some of the famous names, who could be distinguished are Jerome, John Cassian or Melania the Elder, the most active figures. The idea of pilgrimage transferred to the west, hasn’t been, clearly, intact in its form, but exposed to, based on different local accents, evolutionary changes. It is shown in interpretation changes applied, in reference to the notion of peregrinatio, inland and in the British Isles.