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Content available Tomasz z Akwinu o życiu czynnym i kontemplacyjnym
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EN
Article focuses on the issue of active and contemplative life in medieval thought, especially in the concept of St. Thomas Aquinas. It consists of three parts. The first one presents briefly the basic philosophical problems (concerning issues like vita activa and vita contemplativa) which arose in the commentaries on X book of Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle. Then it shows how Thomas Aquinas’s perception of Ethics as a integral whole sheds light on his solution of the dispute. The first part ends with Aquinas’s most important arguments in favor of vita contemplativa. In the second part it will be presented dispute regarding the purpose and nature of contemplation. Commentary tradition of X book takes dual understanding of contemplation into account: it is recognized either as a mystical union with God, or as the cognitive function of the intellect. Thomas developed concept of two kinds of happiness and it seems to be the answer to this problem. The third part of the article develops the issue of Thomas interpretation of Ethics by analyzing the meaning of vita activa (expressed in the formation of virtues) for contemplation.
EN
This article discusses the historical development of the concept of joy in medieval philosophy and theology. It focuses on the problem of the relation between “usus” and “fruitio”. The former concept (“use”) connotes the whole spectrum of possible attitudes of man in his relation to temporal goods. The use of temporal goods by man is an earthly, temporal, and secular experience. It can take a sinful form – sensual pleasures – or a religious form, in which case it becomes a foretaste of eternal happiness. The second concept (fruitio) means happiness, and it is the fulfillment of the sum total of all human desires. Fruitio only occurs after death, and it is an element of beatifica visio. Usus concerns changeable, temporal goods, while the only object of fruitio is God. This article is devoted to the question of whether the object of fruitio can be anything other than God, i.e. whether the temporal good can be the object of full joy, and if so, how. An answer to this question would require an analysis of a number of specific issues: what conditions (subjective, objective) would have to be met in order for the use of the temporal good to qualify for joy? How does the moral evaluation of the use of such goods proceed? What are the emotional components of usus? In other words, the central problem of this article is the concept of usus (the use of temporal goods) and the medieval interpretations of this concept as a connotating human experience of temporal (incomplete) joy caused by earthly goods. Mainly, the article concentrates on three authors: Augustine, Peter Lombard and Bonaventure, and presents three different theories of joy: joy as a possession of the desired object (Augustine), joy as longing for a desired object (Peter Lombard) and joy as distance to the desired object (Bonaventure). Lastly, the article argues that the development of the concept of joy in the period between 395 BC and the second half of the thirteenth century is the history of an ever greater appreciation of joy and the perception of its proper meaning in human life.
PL
Artykuł omawia historyczny rozwój koncepcji radości w filozofii i teologii średniowiecznej. Koncentruje się na trzech autorach: Augustynie, Piotrze Lombardzie i Bonawenturze, i przedstawia kolejne trzy teorie radości: radość jako posiadanie pożądanego przedmiotu (Augustyn), radość jako oczekiwanie na pożądany przedmiot (Piotr Lombard) oraz radość jako dystans w stosunku do pożądanego przedmiotu (Bonawentura). Wreszcie, artykuł argumentuje, że dzieje radości w okresie 395–druga połowa XIII wieku to dzieje coraz większego docenienia radości i dostrzeżenia jej właściwego znaczenia w życiu człowieka.
EN
Theory of self-cognition in Thomas Aquinas’ account is frequently presented as a reflexio theory, which describes intellectual move toward intellect’s own cognitive acts. The object of such a self-knowledge is intellect itself and in result “self” is identified with knower. However, reflexio theory is only part of doctrine of self-cognition in Aquinas’ philosophy. Inasmuch as soul is able to cognize its intellectual acts, it is also able to know its activities and associated ends and desires. Therefore, the aim of the article is to present the concept of self-cognition in the practical dimension. The main thesis of the article is the claim that self-knowledge is the necessary condition of free and rational human activities.
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Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2012/05/D/HS1/03518.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present a theory of habitus in the philosophy of Aristotle and his medieval commentators. The first part of the article – which is the introduction to the problems of habitus – displays Aristotelian account. In the second part I present the development of this concept in the thirteenth century followers of Aristotle, i.e. Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The third part is devoted to the discussion of late medieval modification of the Aristotelian theory in account of Gerald Odonis, John Duns Scotus, John Buridan and Paul of Worczyn.
EN
This paper presents two discourses of natural law in Greek and medieval tradition: the Stoic account of lex, the account of ius in the understanding of Francis Suarez, and the concept of natural law in terms of St. Thomas Aquinas. The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, it is to describe the history and the development of the concept of natural law from its early, Stoic expressions to its late medieval modification. And secondly, to argue for the thesis, according to which the Aquinas’s proposal, based on his concept of “nature”, avoids the difficulties of the Stoic approach associated with the continuity between the legal and moral justification and the nature.
EN
The purpose of this article is to attempt to provide a more precise answer to the question of Paul Vladimiri’s account of the concept of permissive natural law. This purpose is realized in two steps. First, a brief history of permissive natural laws in the tradition of medieval philosophy is discussed, and the historical context, in which Paul Vladimiri developed his theory of natural law, is outlined. Next, some excerpts from Vladimir’s writings are analyzed, in which he uses phrases indicating the presence of the concept of permissive law in his philosophy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie o obecność koncepcji naturalnego prawa permisywnego w twórczości Pawła Włodkowica, krakowskiego filozofa, prawnika i dyplomaty. Cel ten zrealizowany jest w dwóch krokach: w pierwszej kolejności, omówiono krótką historię permisywnego prawa natury w tradycji średniowiecznej oraz nakreślono historyczny kontekst, w którym Paweł Włodkowic opracował swoją teorię prawa natury. Następnie, przeanalizowano wybrane fragmenty pism krakowskiego profesora, w których używa on sformułowań wskazujących na obecność koncepcji prawa permisywnego w jego filozofii.
EN
In the late medieval political philosophy one can observe the original concept of natural law. It has been innovative doctrine when compared to the theories of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Its originality relies on grasping (natural) law as a feature of a subject, not as a feature of the world-structure. Among representatives of such a theories there can be mentioned William Ockham, Francesco Suarez and Polish philosophers: Paul Vladimiri and Stanisław of Skarbimierz. The aim of this article is to examine in what extent late medieval natural law theories assume the innovative anthropology, which enhances the role of will, and passes over the role of reason. There is going to be argued that coherent anthropology which can be applied as a foundation of natural law theory, can be found in Paul’s of Worczin anthropology and ethics.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the role played by the will in human action in the accounts of Thomas Aquinas and John Buridan. The achievements of contemporary analytic philosophy are the context for considering medieval theories of action. First, I focus on second-order volitions whose objects are desires (John Buridan and Harry Frankfurt). Next, I present the modifications of this theory carried out by Thomas Aquinas and Lawrence A. Blum. They agree in postulating some kind of self-cognition as the source of second-order volitions; however, it would seem that Aquinas, who argues for placing the source of such acts in obligation (God’s principles), offers a significant improvement on Blum’s account.
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Content available Uniwersytet na rozdrożu
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O uniwersytecie i nauczaniu uniwersyteckim z Antonim B. Stępniem rozmawiają Artur Andrzejuk, Magdalena Płotka, Izabella Andrzejuk i Widold Płotka
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