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“I owed a great deal to them”. Some hypotheses about the paradoxes of Jewish assimilation in Gombrowicz’s works

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Tomassucci G.

pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi

2020

nr 11

102-118

My aim is to contextualise and reflect on the ambivalences of Gombrowicz’s view of the interwar Polish Jews both in his satirical short story The Brief Memoir of Jakób Czarniecki (1933), focused on the mechanisms of the exclusion of Jews from the Polish society, as well in his later controversial declarations in The Diary and in Polish Memories. During the interwar period, assimilated Jews represented a significant part of Polish cultural life: Gombrowicz’s colleagues, reviewers, readers, friends, and his publisher were Jews. The Polish writer was linked with the assimilated creative intelligentsia by a dynamic of enchantment and disenchantment: on the one hand, he observed its typical neurosis of mimicking the Gentiles; on the other hand, he esteemed Jews’ open-mindedness and creativity, considering them as potential allies in this fight against the Polish Form. My hypothesis is that deep penetration of Jewishness into 20th-century Polish culture and society offered Gombrowicz some living models not only for Czarniecki’s story but also for his philosophy of Form.

„Klin” Tuwima: strategie przeżycia polsko-żydowskiego poety

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Tomassucci G. , Wydział Filologii L. i. L. , Giovanna Tomassucci – profesor polonistyki na Uniwersytecie w Pizie (Dipartimento di Letteratura F. e. L. , g.tomassucci@teletu.it

tom 26

nr 4

Tuwim’s approach to the “Jewish question” has already been analyzed by Polish and foreign scholars. The article is intended to consider some “survival strategies” of the Polish poet from a slightly different angle. In Poland, in the period between the wars Jewish writers were persuaded to accept total polonization and a rejection of their ethnic identity; yet, at the same time they often suffered a rejection from the circles of Polish artists. Any attempt of highlighting their Jewish identity or even a slight interest in Jewish culture incited brutal Jew-bashings. Tuwim considered his being a Polish Jew not only as a fact to be proud of, but also as an opportunity for engaging with self-criticism. He painfully felt the Jewish question as “a powerful wedge cleaving [his own] worldview”. However, like many other Polish- Jewish writers he masked its enduring presence in his own psyche, constructing his public persona through a process of self-fashioning. This paper tries to follow the traces of this “wedge” in Tuwim’s works: from poems supposedly having nothing to do with the “Jewish question”, to encrypted allusions to the great Yiddish writers, from his relentless questioning of all forms of intolerance and nationalist rhetoric, to his conviction that a new poetic language could “reform the world” and become a homeland for all readers regardless of their nationality.