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Stress distribution in the muscles of the diaphragm

100%

Angelillo M. , Fortunato A. , Wilson T.

Archives of Mechanics

2000

tom Vol. 52, nr 1

89--102

The diaphragm is treated as a membrane subject to a uniform pressure. The muscle action is modeled as a uniaxial active stress in the direction of muscle bundles. In the present paper we look for the generalized stress distribution in the membrane. The shape of the active diaphragm is approximated by a surface know as a cyclide. For this simplified shape, a closed form solution of the equilibrium equations is obtained.

Quantitative anatomy of the posterior cricoid region

100%

Tubbs R. S. , Wilson T. , Salter E. G. , Oakes W. J.

Folia Morphologica

2005

tom 64

nr 4

237-239

The anatomy of the posterior cricoid cartilage region was examined to obtain a better quantitative understanding of this region. The mean height and width of the posterior cricoid cartilage in the midline measured 24.5 mm and 25 mm respectively. The mean distance between the fibres for the left and right posterior cricoarytenoid muscles was 5 mm at the midpoint of the posterior cricoid cartilage. The height of these muscles averaged 19 mm for left sides and 20 mm for right sides. The mean distances from the midpoint and superior midline of the posterior cricoid cartilage to the inferior laryngeal nerve were 14 mm and 15 mm respectively for left sides and 17 mm and 18 mm respectively for right sides. It is hoped that these data will be of use to clinicians performing invasive procedures in this area.

Boosted HCCI operation on multi cylinder V6 engine

63%

Misztal J. , Wyszyński M. , Xu H. , Tsolakis A. , Qiao J. , Wyszyński M. , Xu H. , Tsolakis A. , Qiao J. , Wilson T.

Journal of KONES

2006

tom Vol. 13, No. 2

315-321

This paper is an extension of work done with boosted 1-cyl Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. As has been proven in the authors’ laboratory on a single cylinder research engine, applying boosting can enable an increased load range with a decreased NOx emission. During the tests which are covered in this paper, a Jaguar V6 research engine with a negative valve overlap facility has been used. The engine is equipped with a mechanically coupled supercharger, which supplies the required amount of air. The introduction of a higher amount of air allows the cylinder mixture to be kept on a highly diluted level; this enables autoignition to be controlled and improves NOx emission. Finally, more air introduced into the cylinder enables more fuel to be injected, which in turn provides for a higher load. This fact is useful as one method to increase the upper load limit for HCCI. Boosted HCCI operation is very sensitive to exhaust gas residuals. It has been proven that valve operation, whether advancing or retarding away from the optimum point will affect NOx emission. Th6is paper will demonstrate that the optimisation of valve timing in connection with lambda value and boost pressure can produce lower NOx emission for the same or even a higher load.