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1
Content available remote Związki i różnice między pojęciami ryzyka i zagrożenia.
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EN
In the literature and not only Polish one, terms risk and hazard are commonly but non-precisely used. The necessity of both conceptions distinguishing is reasoned in the paper. The proposition of their definition is prposed together with quantities that could be used as measures. Differences and connections between both conceptions and their measures are shown. The propositions are illustrated by examples prepared on the base of selected statistical data.
3
Content available remote Wybrane problemy nauki o bezpieczeństwie.
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PL
W artykule zasygnalizowano wybrane ogólne problemy nauki o bezpieczeństwie i współczesne koncepcje ich rozwiązywania, prezentowane w licznych opracowaniach książkowych, artykułach i na konferencjach. Przedstawiono niektóre z nich, takie jak: miary ryzyka, modelowanie strat, wybór metody analizy ryzyka, modelowanie ryzyka, niepewność i niedokładność w modelowaniu ryzyka, rola ekspertów w modelowaniu i analizie ryzyka.
EN
This paper describes some problems of safety science and current conceptions of its solutions. One of such problems is the choice of the quantities which should be treated as the measures of risk and the measures of hazard. An influence on the choice have among other things: a way of loss arising (immediate or long-standing), purpose and precision of intended risk analysis. Each of measures of risk is a function only of hazard measure and reliability measure. Modelling of individual and social losses is other important problem of safety science. It should be stressed that modelling of losses is a base of hazard modelling and in consequence of risk modelling. Modelling of individual human losses arising as a results of long-standing exposure to harmful conditions is especially difficult. Most of the applied models of individual losses have qualitative and discrete nature. Principles of the choice of risk analysis method is also a hard scientific problem. Many methods have been presented in numerous publications and applied in practice. They differ meaningful one another. The choice of right method depend on a number of factors. One of them is the aim of the analysis. The most important aims are: - estimation of risk level, - search for most effective manner to reduce the risk. In many cases of risk analysis the probabilistic methods (PRA) are especially useful. Risk modelling is next scientific problem. A form of risk model depends on risk analysis method that have been selected. Human reliability model is the most important part of each risk model. Construction of human reliability model and locating human factor in safety analysis are difficult problems and they have very strong effect on accuracy of risk analysis results. Computer codes are widely used form of risk models that have quantitative nature. Other important problems of safety science described in this paper are: uncertainties and inaccuracy in risk modelling and the role of experts in modelling and analysis of risk.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwości probabilistycznego modelowania w rozwiązywaniu wielu zagadnień, z jakimi stykają się służby ratownicze, a także firmy ubezpieczeniowe. Możliwości te zaprezentowano na kilku przykładach zagadnień praktycznych, wybranych z obszaru działalności służb ratowniczych i firm ubezpieczeniowych. Są to takie zagadnienia jak: rozkład prawdopodobieństwa liczby pożarów w określonej społeczności, liczba pożarów w ubezpieczonych gospodarstwach domowych w określonej społeczności, prawdopodobieństwo pojawienia się pożaru w ubezpieczonym gospodarstwie domowym, prawdopodobieństwo nałożenia się w czasie dwóch akcji ratowniczych itp. Przedstawiono przykłady obliczeniowe.
EN
This paper presents capacities of probabilistic modelling for solving many problems which appear in operation of rescue organisations and also insurance organisations. Such modelling follows from a methodology of a fire risk analysis based on probabilistic approach to risk analysis. The capacities are presented on some selected examples of problems. They are: probability distribution of fire number within stated community, expected number of fires which may occur in insured households within stated community, probability of fire occurance in a single insured household, probability distribution of a duration of rescue operation, probability that two rescue operations will coincide etc. Several numerical examples are also presented in the paper.
5
Content available remote Probabilistyczna metoda modelowania i badań wypadków.
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PL
W referacie jest przedstawiona probabilistyczna metoda badania wypadków. Podstawą tej metody jest probabilistyczny model przyczyn, przebiegu i konsekwencji wypadku. Omówione są zasady tworzenia takiego modelu oraz rezultaty, jakie można uzyskać w wyniku analizy takiego modelu. Najważniejszym z nich jest zbiór możliwych przyczyn i scenariuszy przebiegu wypadku z przypisanymi im prawdopodobieństwami. W podsumowaniu przedstawia się korzyści wynikające z takiej metody badań wypadków.
EN
Applied methods of accident investigations usually have deterministic nature. They do not consider random nature of factors affecting accident causes, sequences and effects. Such investigations may lead to misconclusions and false decisions. In the paper is presented probabilistic method of accident investigations that have not the disadvantage. Probabilistic model of accident causes and accident sequences and also probabilistic model of accident consequences are a basis of the method. Principles of a formation of the accident model are described in the paper. Three metods are used to modelling of accident causes, alternative courses of events that may lead to an accident and accident consequences. A set of possible causes and set of possible courses of the events with probabilities of the courses is main result of the accident investigations. The accident investigations conducted on the basis of the probabilistic model of an accident provide more information on the accident and generate a great number of proposals for safety measures. Some advantages of the proposed method of the accident investigations are described in the paper, too.
7
Content available remote Probabilistyczna analiza ryzyka w lotach szybowcowych.
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PL
W pracy przedstawiono zasady tworzenia probabilistycznego modelu ryzyka w lotach szybowcowych, w tym - modelu zagrożeń i modelu zawodności w systemie człowiek-szybowiec-otoczenie. W celu ilustracji rozważań ogólnych zasady te zastosowano do modelowania zagrożeń i ryzyka w jednej z najgroźniejszych faz lotu szybowca, mianowicie startu za wyciągarką. Przedstawiono wybrane wyniki analizy zagrożeń i ryzyka uzyskane przy wykorzystaniu utworzonych modeli.
EN
The conception, procedure and results of probabilistic risk investigations in the system Man-Glider-Environment is presented in the paper. Safety of the glider flight is one of the most important features, which decides the about development of that sport in future. Application of verified design and calculations methods as well as high standards of design and maintenance have risen safety of aviation on comparatively high level. Application of quantitative risk analysis - statistic and probabilistic methods for this area of technique may create new possibilities for improvement of safety of flights. In the paper basic stages of probability safety assessment i.e. modelling of hazard and modelling of reliability are discussed. Special attention is paid to human factor and the dependence of the glider altitude on the level of hazard, which are characteristic features of the system. Human factor was analysed as a cause of human errors and also as the dominant element of the system counteracting hazard after occurrence of an undesirable event. Basic relations for quantitative risk assessment are presented. Probability of casualties during one year of exploitation of a glider is defined as a measure of risk in presented analysis. The analysis of safety contains mainly the estimation of sensitivity of risk measure on modifications of various factors characteristic for the system. Presented analysis was applied for determination of risk for one of the most dangerous phases of glider flight - winch launch. Results of hazard and risk obtained on the basis of created models were shown.
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