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EN
The aim of this paper was to define and compare the parameters of aciol-base balance /ABB/ in healthy calves and in calves with clinical symptoms of pneumopathy as well as in convalescents kept in controlled environmental conditions. Three groups of calves were examined. Group I consisted of 18 healthy calves; group II - 23 calves with clinical symptoms of pneumonia; group III - 23 calves past diseased treated as cured. The examination of ABB parameters was performed by Astrup's method using Corning 168 apparatus. The following parameters were determined: pH of blood, pCO², HCO⁻₃ actual, HCO⁻₃ standard, BE. The conditions of temperature, humidity and CO₂ and NH₃ concentration were controlled. Statistically significant lower pH of blood and higher pCO₂ and HCO⁻₃ concentration were found in sick calves in comparison with healthy ones and past diseased calves. Functional disturbances of respiratory system still occurred what resulted in respiratory acidosis. The ABB parameters were close to the values stated in calves suffering from pneumonia.
EN
Investigations were conducted on two groups of dairy cows, housed into the structures differed considering the systems of feeding and maintenance /structure I was free-stand, concrete barn; structure II - tethered, litter bedding barn including pasture during summer/. Cows selected for an experimental trials, /3 and h months of pregnancy/, were clinically examined and the blood was taken for hematology and biochemistry assignments. The procedure was repeated in 8 and 9 month of pre-delivery period. The quality of silage, fed during the pregnancy, was estimated. Among of blood indicators, the greatest variations from the physiological standards were referred to ketone bodies and' acid-base balance parameters. One can suppose, that the reason of variations was the a low quality of silage, composed too large part of cows diet. Evaluating the course of periparturient period, it appeared, that increased level of ketone bodies and acid-base balance disorders, were accompanied by the frequent number of disease incident's, like placenta detention, uterine mucus membrane inflammation, post-parturition paralysis, delayed uterus involution and udders inflammation.
EN
The purpose of study was the evaluation of different types of measurers /surface temperature and heat flux intensity measurers/, especially detectors connected to apparatuses, to determine the usefulness for the studies on the thermoregulation processes in animals. Besides of testing of devices, the selection of measurement sites on the surface of animals, which could be the most accurate for the demonstration of thermal variations, was done. The study included the manner of data collection, like the way of the detectors placement on the surface of body, the proper time needed to take the readings, results repetition and the methods of animal restriction.
DE
Viele Zuchtbetriebe wenden das ganze Jahr hindurch die Fütterung der Kühe mit Silage zu, die manchmal, vor allem im Frühjahr, von schlechter Qualitet ist. Oftmals berücksichtig man nicht den physiologischen Zustand der Tiere, indem man ihnen groβe Silagengabe sogar in der Hochträchtigszeit verabreicht. Das verurscht bei den Kühen das Auftreten von metabolischen Störungen z.B. Acidosis [1, 5, 6, 10]. Diese Störungen werden dann auf das Fötus übertragen, da die Plazenta in diesem Fall nicht genügend Schutz leistet. Die Kälber, die von solchen Müttern stammen, kommen zur Welt schwach mit einem Durchfall und verenden oft [2, 7, 9]. Die Autoren der Vorgelegten Arbeit versuchten die bei den Kälbern vorkommenden Störungen durch das Verabreichen von einen Braunkohlenextrakt zu korrigieren, in dem sie teure und nicht immer sichere pharmakologische Präparate ersetzen wollten.
PL
Badania wykonano u 2 grup cieląt, rasy ncb liczących po 14 szt. w wieku począwszy od 3-4 dni. Grupa I (doświadczalna) otrzymywała wzrastające od 50 do 700 ml ilości wyciągu z węgla brunatnego (tab. 1) z tym , że codziennie ilość ta wzrastała o 50 ml. Grupa II (kontrolna) otrzymywała analogiczne ilości wody, w celu wyrównania ilości przyjmowanych przez cielęta płynów. Dodatek wyciągu z węgla brunatnego do paszy cieląt miał korzystne oddziaływanie na ich organizm, o czym świadczy: zahamowanie biegunek, zwiększenie masy ciała, przyspieszenie kompensacji kwasicy oddechowej, a wzrost zawartości γ-globulin w surowicy krwi świadczy o stymulacyjnym oddziaływaniu węgla na ich układ odpornościwy. Aktywność badanych enzymów w surowicy krwi cieląt, tj. AP AspAT i ceruloplazminy, mieściły się w granicach norm fizjologicznych i były one u obu grup cieląt bardzo zbliżone. Można na tej podstawie sądzić, że dodatek wyciągu z węgla brunatnego nie wykazywał negatywnego oddziaływania na funkcje wątroby.
EN
The exchange of heat energy between the body and the environment in homothermal animals depends among others on the temperature gradient. The increase in the body and skin temperature caused by the decrease in the ambient temperature is to reduce the thermal gradient which protects animals against stress of heat and cold. In the present study the authors examined the rate of changes of thermal gradient between the skin and the environment and changes in skin temperature, the rate of heat flow and insulating power of hair cover in rabbits according to the changes of environmental temperature. The measurements were made at various sites of the skin: thermostabile and thermolabile, not shorn and shorn. Considerable dopendence of skin temperature on the environmental temperature, especially at the thermostabile sites, shorn has been observed although the drop in skin temperature did not catch up with the drop in air temperature. The values of those gradient influenced the value of heat flow from the body to the environment.
EN
Studies were undertaken to determine selected biothermal parameters in calves exposed to IR-irradiation. An increased sensitivity of heated calves to microclimatic factors was found, expressed by a more pronounced influence of air temperature and cooling on the temperature of the calves, skin than that observed in non-heated calves. It was stated that heat emitted by IR radiators and then absorbed by calves brought about an increased heat loss from the skin surface at thermolabile sites in order to attain the organism heat balance and changes in heat loss structure. In heated calves heat losses occurred mainly due to convection (85,6%) and radiation (14,4%), whereas in non-heated animals the proportions were arranged inversely amounting to 64,5% and 35,5% for radiation and convection, respectively. The skin temnperature at thermostabile and thermolabile sites of the heated and non-heated calves increased regularly as they grow older. In non-radiated calves heat losses decreased every day of their lives whereas in heated calves they increased.
RU
Цель работы состояла в сравнении показателей плодовитости коров красно-пестрой породы, содержащихся в коровнике с недостаточным освещением, относительно животных в стойлах с нормативным освещением. В исследуемом корознике с 240 стойлами показали неравномерную интенсивность естественного освещения. Выделили 74 стойла „темные” с интенсивностью освещения 5,6—18,1 люкса. В остальных стойлах интенсивность освещения составляла 22,3— 133 люкса. После 2-летних исследований времени инволюции матки, наблюдений за появлением первой охоты после родов и межбеременного периода отметили, что все исследуемые показатели положи- тельнее формировались у коров в „ясных” стойлах, а разницы были статистически существенными. Во втором этапе исследований, продолжавшихся 2 года, коров переместили из „темных” стойл в „ясные”, а по жребию избранных животных из „ясных” стойл в „темные” и заново обнаружили, что исследуемые
EN
The aim of the studies was to compare some fertility indices in Law-Land Black and White cows in tying stall under unproper and normative lighting. In the examined tying stall on 240 stands the intensity of natural lighting was unproper; 74 dark stands (intensity of light 5.6—18.1 lux), and the rest of stands the intensity of light ranged from 22.3 to 133 lux. Two yeans examinationis of the time of uterus involution and the length of interparturient period, time of the appearance of the first oestrus after parturition showed that in cows in bright stands all the examined parameters were batter than those in cows on dark stands. These differences were statistically significant. In the second part of the studies lasting for 2 years, all cows were transported from dark to bright stands and a part of randomely chosen chows was transported from bright to dark stands. It was noted that fertility parameters revealed better values cows in bright stands.
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