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EN
We investigated the action of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) called IM (N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Changes in the yeast cell ultrastructure were confirmed by electron microscopy. We treated resistant mutant cells with QAS, and confirmed destruction of the mutant cytoplasm, an increase in the thickness of the cell wall, separation of the cell wall from the cytoplasm, and the accumulation of numerous lipid droplets. We also observed a relatively high production of lipids in the cells of the parental wild-type strain Σ1278b and in its IM-resistant (IMR) mutant in the presence of the QAS. The IMR mutant showed increased sensitivity to CaCl2 and SDS, and resistance to ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and osmotic shock. It also tolerated growth at low pH. We suggest that the resistance to IM could be connected with the level of permeability of the cell membrane because the IMR mutant was sensitive to this compound in vivo in the presence of SDS and guanidine hydrochloride, which cause increased permeability of the cell plasma membrane.
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EN
A glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacterial strain isolated from bronchofiberoscope used for examination of the patients suffering from pulmonary diseases was subjected to phenol-water extraction. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from the water and the phenol phase differed in fatty acid composition. Both contained xylose, glucose, glucosamine and components typical for LPS, namely heptose, 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (Kdo) and 3-hydroxymyristic acid. The presence of sphingosine in all LPS preparations classifies the strain to the genus Sphingomonas.
EN
Dioxins are released into the environment as by-products of technological processes, i.a. in the chemical industry, pulp and paper industry, metallurgical industry, textile industry and dyeing industry. Dioxins are a group of compounds recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogens of Group A since 01/06/1997. The carcinogenic action has been demonstrated on animals. Despite stringent obligations arising from the provisions of The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on reducing POPs emissions to the environment (including dioxins) emission of these substances is still significant. These compounds often enter the food chain in random or intentional way and accumulate in organisms in the top of the food chain. This leads to the poisoning of the organism and appearance of clinical symptoms. According to the real hazard of poisoning the people, especially employed in the chemical industry, who are exposed to dioxins, research to determine the impact of these xenobiotics on various tissues and organs as well as to develop of effective pharmacological prevention is constantly conducted. Despite of the wide spectrum of the assessment of dioxins biological effects among humans and animals, there are only a few publications evaluating the impact of dioxins on the bone tissue. The main components of the fully functional bone are calcium phosphates and magnesium phosphates. From the proper saturation of bone matrix with salts of these chemical elements (mineralization) depends the hardness and elasticity of the bone. The young bone mineralization is controlled by a group of proteins, from which the most important is osteonectin, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. Many xenobiotics, including dioxins, have a negative influence on the biosynthesis of these proteins. The measurement of calcium and magnesium concentration in bone is one of the methods for assessing bone destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats on calcium and magnesium levels in bone tissue of their offspring. Moreover the aim of this study was to check whether the administration of the dioxin receptor antagonists – tocopherol and acetylsalicylic acid – can reduce negative effects of dioxin action. Study was performed on 2-day newborns of Buffalo strain rats. Lower levels of calcium and magnesium was found both in cranial vault bones and the knee from newborns of mothers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. It was shown that administration of mothers exposed to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tocopherol or acetylsalicylic acid prevent decreases in calcium and magnesium concentrations in the bone tissue of the offspring.
EN
This study investigates the toxic effect of E(2)nonenal (trans-2-nonenal, T2N) and its conjugate with horse muscle myoglobin (Mb) tested on murine cell line L₉₂₉ and human cell line A₅₄₉, as well as the genotoxic effect of these compounds assayed by measuring of micronuclei in human cells K₅₆₂. It is an aldehyde, which is occurring as the substance responsible for an off flavour in aged beers, but originates also from lipid oxidation in heat processed food. T2N is an aldehyde formed from linoleic acid as a secondary oxidation product. The modification of Mb with T2N was analyzed with the use of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Results from SDS-PAGE suggest that T2N substitutes Mb and additionally causes cross-linking with polymerization of Mb resulting in an insoluble fraction. The ESI-MS spectrum of the soluble fraction used in the toxicity tests, demonstrated that conjugation of T2N with Mb yielded Mb adducts with one residue of trans-2-nonenal per myoglobin molecule as the major fraction and adducts with different numbers of T2N molecules as minor fractions. In the cytotoxicity assay the T2N and its Mb conjugate causes 50 % destruction of cells at the concentration 95-125 pg/ml and 200 pg/ml respectively, when L₉₂₉ and A₅₄₉ cell lines were used, whereas Mb control tested up to 2000 mg/ml was without any cytotoxic effect. In genotoxicity in vitro assay we have observed that the T2N and its Mb conjugate expressed the genotoxicity. The number of micronuclei in human K₅₆₂ cells reac₅₆₂ 26 ± 2.16 promille (MN/1000 cells), comparing to 62 ± 8.64 MN/1000 cells for the reference free T2N, whereas a control value was 10.33 ± 1.25 MN/1000 cells. The studied compounds expressed also the apoptotic effect in K₅₆₂ cells as the number of apoptotic cells increased to 44.67 ±4.92 promille for T2N-Mb, comparing to 168.67 ±37.28 promille for free T2N, whereas a control value was 30.33 ± 1.36 promille for Mb. In these assays the T2N-Mb conjugate is several times more toxic in relation to control protein. Results indicate that T2N adducts with protein are potent to induce various cytotoxic and apoptotic effects when assayed in vitro tests. It suggests that higher level of such aldehyde might create in organism severe potential of toxicity.
EN
In this work, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film microstructure on photocatalytic and biological activity was described. The films were prepared by low-pressure and high-energy magnetron sputtering processes. The structural investigations performed by X-ray diffraction revealed that the films from both the processes were nanocrystalline. It was found that TiO2 prepared by low-pressure process had the anatase structure with crystallites in size of 20 nm, while the film deposited in high-energy process had the rutile form with crystallites in size of 5 nm. The analysis of surface topography with the aid of optical profiler showed that all prepared films were homogenous and their roughness was lower than 1 nm. The wettability studies revealed hydrophilic nature of both films. The values of water contact angle obtained for anatase and rutile films were equal to 40° and 49°, respectively. Both types of the thin films were photocatalitycally active, but rutile exhibited higher decomposition rate as compared to anatase. During the photocatalytic reaction in the presence of TiO2-rutile film after 12 hours of UV-Vis irradiation 30 % of phenol was decomposed, whereas in case of TiO2-anatase it was only 10 %. Moreover, the influence of as-deposited coatings on the growth of selected microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans) was examined. It was found that the structural properties of TiO2 had an effect on biological activity of these films.
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