Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Utworzenie dworu Marii Klementyny Sobieskiej w Rzymie i spory o jego finansowanie

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Skrzypietz A.

Perspektywy Kultury

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2022

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tom 39

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nr 4

141-160

EN

After serious perturbations and escaping from imperial prison, Maria Clementina Sobieska married James Stuart and settled in Rome. She was immediately caught in the frenzy of the fiercely rival Jacobite milieu. The main factions were formed by the royal favorites James Murray and John Hay, versus their enemy John Erskine, Duke of Mar. Maria Clementina – probably at the urging of the favorites – was deprived of her ladies-in-waiting, companions, who should have been the wives of aristocrats negatively perceived by Stuart. Meanwhile, Sobieska reluctantly welcomed Marjorie Hay to her apartment. It soon became clear that the Queen was working with a circle hostile to the King’s favorites, demanding her husband’s attention and perhaps even access to his political correspondence and contacts with Jacobites. When Stuart entrusted the care of his elder son to James Murray, depriving the Queen of her only serious duty and limiting her contacts with her son, Maria Clementine left the palace and took refuge in a convent. As a result of mediation and pressure of European courts, she returned to her husband, who had sent off John and Marjorie Hay. The Queen managed to win independence, and her husband created a separate court for her. The misunderstandings also concerned the financing of Sobieska’s entourage, and the few surviving bills allow us to indicate what she herself spent her money on.

PL

Maria Klementyna Sobieska po poważnych perturbacjach i ucieczce z cesarskiego więzienia poślubiła Jakuba Stuarta i zamieszkała w Rzymie. Natychmiast dostała się w wir walk toczących się w zajadle rywalizującym środowisku jakobitów. Główne fakcje tworzyli faworyci królewscy James Murray i John Hay oraz ich wróg John Erskine, diuk Mar. Maria Klementyna – zapewne za namową faworytów – została pozbawiona dam do towarzystwa, którymi powinny być małżonki arystokratów, niechętnie postrzegane przez Stuarta. Tymczasem Sobieska bez entuzjazmu powitała w swoim apartamencie Marjorie Hay. Wkrótce stało się jasne, że królowa współpracuje z gronem niechętnym faworytom, domagając się uwagi małżonka, a może nawet dostępu do jego politycznej korespondencji i kontaktów z jakobitami. Gdy Stuart powierzył opiekę nad starszym synem Jamesowi Murrayowi, pozbawiając królową jedynego poważnego obowiązku i ograniczając jej kontakty z synem, Maria Klementyna opuściła pałac i schroniła się w klasztorze. Wskutek pośrednictwa i nacisku dworów europejskich powróciła do męża, którego otoczenie opuścili John i Marjorie Hayowie. Królowa zdołała wywalczyć niezależność, a mąż stworzył dla niej odrębny dwór. Nieporozumienia dotyczyły także finansowania otoczenia Sobieskiej, a kilka zachowanych rachunków pozwala wskazać, na co ona sama przeznaczała swoje pieniądze.

2

Publiczna i prywatna religijność królowej Marii Kazimiery

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Skrzypietz A.

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2021

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tom 62

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nr 1 (245)

25-40

PL

Public and Private Religiosity and Piety of the Queen Marie Casimire d’Arquien Sobieska In the early modern period, queens were obliged to participate in religious ceremonies and outwardly display their piety through charity. Marie Casimire de la Grange d’Arquien Sobieska met these duties when she was consort of the King John III Sobieski, and later, as a widow residing in Rome. Yet, her prayers were not limited to outward gestures of religiosity at official ceremonies. From her numerous letters, we can learn about her personal piety. In her letters written to Jakub, her eldest son, and his wife, the queen mother often refers to God’s Providence, and expresses her deep devotion and faith in God’s grace and protection. For Queen Marie Casimire, God was the source of comfort in difficult moments. While her outward religiosity is a reflection of the age in which she lived, the queen’s personal faith developed over time and appears to have been deep and sincere.

3

Dzieciństwo drobiazgowo opisane - Ludwik XIII w dzienniku Jeana Héroarda z lat 1601-1609

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Skrzypietz A.

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tom 18

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nr 23

1-16

EN

Jean Héroard was appointed physician to Louis XIII before that latter was born, a position he held until his death in 1628. Taking up his duties at the side of the heir to the throne, Héroard began to write a diary, which he kept for the rest of his life. Detailed notes on the everyday life of the ward, then a young man and a mature man have given researchers unique insights into the world of the court and the surroundings of the heir. Héroard’s observations create astonishing images of the prince’s everyday life, his illnesses, diet, clothes, toys and games, education, interests and passions, reactions to people and animals, troubling emotions, and even attempts to manipulate the people he encountered. They also describe the undertaking of social roles by the heir and subsequent ruler. Aleksandta Skrzypietz’s article is limited to the years 1601-1609, the period spent by the Dauphin in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, before he moving to Paris, where his guardianship was taken over by men. Héroard’s diary is rich in varied content, which does not mean that it is devoid of shortcomings. In fact, its concern with details raises the objection of the so-called trap of everyday life. Reading the diary has led researchers to very different, often contradictory conclusions, which is worth emphasizing, because it is precisely this aspect that indicates the multifarious nature as well as the ambiguity of the message contained in the work.

PL

Francuski medyk Jean Héroard przez 27 lat prowadził dziennik przedstawiający codzienność delfina, a potem króla Ludwika XIII. Omawiał w nim kwestie rozwoju, zdrowia, żywienia, edukacji, a nawet emocji swego podopiecznego. Jego dzieła nie da się porównać z niczym innym w piśmiennictwie europejskim, jest to jedyne tak szczegółowe omówienie życia królewskiego dziecka i młodego władcy. Celem artykułu, którego podstawę źródłową stanowi część dziennika z lat 1601-1609, jest przybliżenie zawartości tego dzieła, a także namysł nad znaczeniem informacji, które można na jego podstawie pozyskać.

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Przedstawiciele Kościoła w obliczu śmierci Jana III Sobieskiego

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Skrzypietz A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2023

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nr 112

135-151

EN

The aim of the article is to study the clergy who were present at the court in the last moments of King John III’s life and those who came to the capital immediately after his death. It seems that despite the monarch’s long illness, his death occured suddenly, to the surprise of those gathered at the court. The actions taken by the clergy in these difficult times were related not only to their clerical functions, but also to the new political situation and the tension that prevailed within the royal family. Primate Michał Radziejowski took over the leading role, which was an obvious action, but it soon turned out that he was hindered in his activities by the Bishop of Kuyavia, Stanisław Dąmbski, who would consistently attempt to play a significant political role throughout the interregnum and during the election. Another aim of the article is to show the efforts of the clergy, fulfilling the duties traditionally assigned to them, but also trying to expand their influence and gain a stronger political position.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie duchownych, którzy obecni byli na dworze w ostatnich chwilach życia króla Jana III i tych, którzy przybyli do stolicy bezpośrednio po jego zgonie. Wydaje się, że mimo długiej choroby monarchy, jego śmierć nastąpiła nagle, ku zaskoczeniu osób zgromadzonych na dworze. Działania podejmowane przez duchownych w tych trudnych chwilach wiązały się nie tylko z pełnionymi przez nich funkcjami, ale także z nową sytuacją polityczną oraz z napięciem, jakie zapanowało w rodzinie królewskiej. Rolę wiodącą przejął – co oczywiste – prymas Michał Radziejowski, ale szybko okazało się, że przeszkadzał mu w jego działalności biskup kujawski Stanisław Dąmbski, który konsekwentnie przez całe bezkrólewie i w okresie elekcji będzie starał się odegrać znaczącą rolę polityczną. Kolejnym celem artykułu jest też ukazanie wysiłków duchowieństwa, wypełniającego obowiązki tradycyjnie im przypadające, ale również starającego się o rozszerzenie swoich wpływów i zdobycie silniejszej pozycji politycznej.

5

Sarmackość i europejskość Stanisława Leszczyńskiego [rec. M. Forycki: Stanisław Leszczyński. Poznań 2016]

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Skrzypietz A.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

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2016

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tom 11

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nr 16

176-183

PL

Recenzja monografii autorstwa Macieja Foryckiego pt. "Stanisław Leszczyński", wydanej przez Wydawnictwo Poznańskie w 2016 roku w serii biograficznej poświęconej polskim władcom.

6

„Poślubię kardynała…” – małżeństwo Armanda księcia Conti i Anny Marii Martinozzi

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Skrzypietz A.

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2015

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nr 11

279-300

PL

Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, was a younger brother of the Grand Condé. Destined for a church career, he gave it up and became politically associated with brother and sister – the famed intriguer Anna Genevieve, Duchess of Longue¬ville. Desiring to be regarded as a person unconstrained by moral principles, he led a very indulgent lifestyle. For a period of time, he was also Moliere’s patron. Armand wanted to equal his brother in renown, though he lacked the talent. For some time, he was considered the leader of the Fronde in Paris. He was imprisoned together with his brother and brother-in-law, then sought agreement with the court. His influences were to be boosted by marriage, first with the daughter of duchess de Chevreuse, then with the niece of Cardinal Mazarin – Anna Maria Martinozzi, which indeed took place. The marriage of a relative with a prince of the blood strengthened the position of the cardinal, while prince of Conti gained a way for final conciliation with the court. In the later years, Armand was a commander in Spain and held various court offices; he also changed his lifestyle utterly, having associated himself with the Jansenists. Armand died young, leaving two sons, the younger of which became a candidate for the Polish throne in 1697. His biography, in particular the issues relating to the marriage, are an interesting example of court intrigues and a game whose purpose was to consolidate the position of both Cardinal Mazarin and the royal cousin. The conduct of prince of Conti is also a vivid example of the mores of aristocracy in 17th-century France.

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W żalu za grzechy młodości – testament Armanda de Bourbon, księcia de Conti

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Skrzypietz A.

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nr 17

337-357

EN

The paper analyzes the last will of Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, who in his youth abandoned ecclesiastical career and later took active part in the Fronde. Still later, de Bourbon became associated with Jansenists and spent the final years of his life on practicing piety, giving proof of his rigorous morality. The paper thus discusses his last will and professed expiation for the sins of youth, as it attempts to establish whether the testament is a testimony to prince’s Jansenist convictions.

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„Proszę, by wszystkim moim domownikom wypłacono gaże i pensje…” – odprawa dla służby i spłata długów Armanda de Bourbon, księcia de Conti po jego śmierci

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Skrzypietz A.

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nr 18

227-245

EN

The article discusses the testamentary bequests and the attached instructions which Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, cousin of Louis XIV younger brother of the Great Condé, made in view of the approaching death for the benefit of people of his household. In his young years, he rebelled against his father, who had intended him for the clergy, and then against the king, becoming one of the most active leaders of the Fronde. Ultimately, he became reconciled with the monarch, which he achieved through marriage with the niece of Cardinal Mazarin, Anna Maria Martinozzi. Having associated himself with the Jansenists, he adopted the principles of moral rigour. In his last will, the prince apologized to the people around him for the grievous example he had set as a rebel, and provided for a part of his servants in separate bequests. The documents in question are concerned chiefly with those domestics of the prince who upon his death had to leave his household, as well as with the various settlements made by the widow during the months following her husband’s departure. The accounts reveal how Armand de Bourbon remunerated his servants and how he, as well as his wife, sought to ensure further welfare of people once employed at their court and had to be dismissed upon the prince’s death. This involved paying outstanding compensation for their service and settlements of potential debts. This may be inferred to have been due to changes in the organization of the household, but also interpreted as an act for the peace of prince’s soul and due execution of his last will, in which he called for all his liabilities to be settled.

PL

The article presents the settlements and household accounts following the death of Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, as well as testamentary and pre-mortem bequests the prince made to provide for his servants. Surviving documents show the decision taken by the executors of the last will, while the books reveal ambiguous, sometimes astonishing variation of amounts designated as wages and lifetime stipends for the prince’s domestics, as well as attest to the concern of the testator himself and his wife for the fates of people engaged in the household.