Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ewolucja genomów i powstawanie nowych genów

100%

Babik W.

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nr 3-4

385-393

EN

Genomes of Bacteria and Archaea are extremely compact, almost devoid of noncoding DNA. Sizes of these "prokaryotic" genomes span only two orders of magnitude and their evolution is characterized by: strong pressure for the removal of nonfunctional DNA, frequent structural rearrangements resulting in randomization of gene order, profound differences in gene content between related forms and ubiquitous horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Genome sizes in Eukaryotes vary enormously, spanning five orders of magnitude. A relatively weak correlation between the genome size and organismal complexity in Eukaryotes, known as the C-value paradox, results from interspecific differences in the amount of noncoding DNA, composed of introns, repetitive sequences and mobile elements. The plausible explanation for the disparities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes are the differences of the effective population sizes between organisms, which affect efficiency of natural selection. The accumulation of "extra" DNA is weakly deleterious and it is efficiently removed by selection in huge populations of Bacteria and Archaea. In smaller populations of eukaryotes, particularly multicellular organisms, drift overcomes selection, rendering this "extra" DNA effectively neutral, enabling its accumulation and consequently increase of genome size. New genes may emerge through multiple mechanisms. In bacteria and Archaea HGT is very important in this respect. In Eukaryotes duplications, both whole genome and segmental, are of utmost importance. One copy of a duplicated gene most often accumulates deleterious mutations and becomes a pseudogene. However, sometimes both duplicated copies are retained - one of them evolves a new function in the process of neofunctionalization or each copy undergoes specialization in the process of subfunctionalization.

2

Library... Is an information ecology

100%

Babik W.

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nr 2

16-25

PL

W świecie informacji biblioteka jest miejscem szczególnym. Specyfika miejsca sprawia, że ma ona do spełnienia szczególną rolę. Biblioteka jest miejscem, gdzie dostęp do informacji jest uważany za najważniejszy cel i wartość określającą sens istnienia tego miejsca instytucji. Jednocześnie staje ona przed wieloma wyzwaniami, m.in. przed wyzwaniem ekologii informacji, stając się samą ekologią informacji. Przedmiotem artykułu jest biblioteka potraktowana jako szczególne miejsce udostępniania w ekologiczny sposób ekologicznej informacji (także zawartych w jej zbiorach), oferując na bazie swoich zbiorów (i nie tylko) jednocześnie ekologiczne usługi biblioteczne jako sposób zaspokajania różnorodnych potrzeb użytkowników. Prezentowana wizja biblioteki akademickiej nawiązuje bezpośrednio do koncepcji z końca XX wieku dwóch Amerykanek Boni A. Nardi i Vicki L. O’Day. Autor zamierza nie tylko przedstawić tę dzisiaj szczególnie aktualną koncepcję, lecz przede wszystkim twórczo ją rozwinąć, zmierzając w kierunku ekologicznego zarządzania informacją w bibliotece.

EN

In the world of information, library is a special place. The specificity of this place is the reason why it fulfils such a significant role. Library is a place, where access to information is regarded as the most important goal and value, which defines its very meaning. At the same time, it faces many challenges, such as the challenge of the ecology of information, by becoming the ecology of information itself. The subject matter of the article is library treated as a special place of sharing ecological information in an ecological manner (including the information from its collection), offering on the basis of its collection (and not just that) simultaneously ecological library service as a way to meet the various needs of the users. The presented vision of academic library references the concept from the end of the 20th century, by two American women, Boni A. Nardi and Vicki L.O’Day. The author not only intends to present this, particularly today current concept, but above all creatively develop it, going towards the direction of ecological management of libraries.

3

Jezyk naturalny w wyszukiwaniu informacji i problemy jego przetwarzania

100%

Babik W.

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nr 1(101)

37-47

EN

A man uses primarily a natural language in the information space, but not only. There are also information retrieval languages (indexing languages) of quite unsure future, mainly because of the current, increasingly common tendencies to retrieve information in the indexing systems with natural languages. The object of my paper is a natural language in information retrieval. Information retrieval is one of the basic functions of a natural language processing. This paper is intended to offer an answer to the question about the status of advancement and prospects of further works on the use of natural languages in the information retrieval process applied in indexing and retrieval systems, including the Internet, based on the existing literature. My answer to that question may become a starting point for further considerations on a broader inclusion of Polish information scientists in the course of general research and application studies.

4

O potrzebie nowej definicji języka informacyjno-wyszukiwawczego

100%

Babik W.

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nr 2(98)

23-34

EN

The article diagnoses changes in the theory of information-retrieval languages (or: indexing languages), resulted from a dynamic development of Internet and knowledge organization (as a research field within information science). Regarding continuous increase of natural language’s share in information retrieval, this diagnosis justifies a question concerning future of information-retrieval languages (IRL). Answering this, the author underlines the need of a new IRL definition, considering also the role of natural language in information retrieval processes. After analysis of selected Polish and foreign IRL definitions, the author presents his own proposal.