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THE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT FROM SITE 1 IN GÓRA STREKOWA, COUNTY BIALYSTOK (Osada z epoki brazu ze stanowiska 1 w Górze Strekowej, pow. Bialystok)

100%

Bugaj U.

tom 60

169-263

The number of studied and described sites from the Bronze Age from the territory of northeastern Poland is very small. The latest study of residual materials from the older period of the Bronze Age dates as far back as 80 years ago. This article constitutes therefore a significant improvement of the state of research in this region. Unfortunately the settlement model of the Bronze Age in northeastern Poland and the briefly functioning, small settlements from this time, which may even have been mere camps, do not provide a lot of materials, almost exclusively pottery. There were also two cremation graves probably connected to this settlement. The occurrence of single cremation burials in the direct vicinity of the settlement is similar to the situation observed in the Trzciniec sites from northern Mazovia. The features of the pottery items from Góra Strekowa suggest stronger links with the regions neighboring with Podlasie - western Belarus - rather than with well-explored Trzciniec sites from other regions of Poland. Faunal materials and vegetal macro-remains were also studied in the case of the settlement in Góra Strekowa.

Copper sulphosalts in early metallurgy (2600-1900 BC) - chemical-mineralogical investigation of artefacts from southern Poland

38%

Bugaj U. , Nejbert K. , Ilnicki S. , Wieciński P. , Onyszczuk T. , Garbacz H. , Włodarczak P.

2019

tom Vol. 63, No. 2

302--318

We describe a methodology of investigation of both Cu metal matrix and its mineral inclusions that aims at increasing the effectiveness of identifying the type of ore used in metal production. We point to sulphosalt ores as the main source of metal for the Final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from southern Poland. The inclusions, rich in Ag, As, Sb and Sn, document the type of ore, regardless of the metallurgical process leading to depletion of As and Sb. The copper metal should contain neither Sb nor As, hence both of these elements, if originally present in ore, can be preserved only in inclusions. The concentrations of Ag, Sb, As and Sn in the artefacts investigated, the presence of inclusions, and their chemical composition, are the key indicators for the determination of the mineralogical composition of the original ores. Given the high concentrations of Sb, As and Ag in the Cu metal and mineralogy of the inclusions, the ore must have contained varying proportions of Ag-bearing tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 and tennantite (Cu,Fe)12As4S13. Mineralogical compositions of the copper ores indicate the deposits in Slovakia (Spania Dolina) as the source of metal for the artefacts investigated. The results of Pb and Cu isotopic analyses carried out for this study support those conclusions.