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Rząd Roberta Mugabe wobec polityki Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki na południu Afryki (1980–1987)

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Szczepańska A. , Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

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tom 95

EN

The purpose of the article is presentation of the Republic of Zimbabwe attitude towards American policy in Southern Africa and some elements of relations between countries. An initial relations between Zimbabwe and US was very correct but after first two years (after Zimbabwe’s independence in 1980) it became colder. The US hoped to include Zimbabwe in their sphere of influence. Washington wanted wider influences in Southern Africa thus they engaged diplomatic in civil war in Angola and did not agree with independence of Namibia. They kept relations with RSA also. Zimbabwe, as a regional leader, did not agree with the American policy. American activities in Southern Africa were a reason of extended conflicts in Angola and Namibia. Different opinions the Zimbabwe and US governments were an end of relations between countries. The Harare policy was not a direct reason of solution conflicts in Southern Africa but the Robert Mugabe actions strengthen the position of Zimbabwe in Africa and in the world.

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Konwencja konsularna z 1960 roku jako próba uregulowania problematyki konsularnej w stosunkach polsko-czechosłowackich

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Szczepańska A.

Historia i Polityka

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2009

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nr 1(8)

115-133

EN

Relations between Poland and Czechoslovakia, based on the 1947 pactof mutual assistance and cooperation within the communistbloc, were notregulated by consular convention following WW II. This State of affairs continued until 1960, which is highly surprising considering the number of Poles residing in Czechoslovakia and the wide rangę of business undertaken there by Polish diplomatic and consular posts. Consular relations between the two countries were therefore initially based on internal law and bilateral agreements. The development of mutual Polish and Czechoslovak relations, and above all the existence of the Polish minority in Czechoslovakia, was in particular down to the insti- tution of consul, whose function was adjusted to meet new needs; relatively late, it has to be said, sińce it was only on 17 May 1960 that the consular convention was signed. The convention was one of three (the other two being Bułgaria and Yugoslavia) which contained a most favoured nation clause. After accepting these generał regulations, Polish consular practice headed in the direction of widening consular function to protect not only its citizens’ interests, but also those of the State. The treaty’s conclusion forced to some extent invigorated Polish - Czechoslovak contacts, along with the rangę of issues dealt with by the consulates of both countries. The provisions of the 1960 agreement, however, departed from International practice, as became obvious in 1963 with the signing of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The Polish-Czechoslovak convention became, however, the basis for regulating a hostof issues arising from consular cooperation and brought aboutboth Warsaw’s and Prague’s decision to work to deal with the (later resolved) following ąuestions: citizenship, visa and border movement regulations, legał protection and assistance, social aid, criminal affairs and also transport and fiscal issues.

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PRZYBYCIE KUBAŃCZYKÓW DO ANGOLI W 1975 ROKU – REAKCJA MIĘDZYNARODOWA

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Szczepańska A.

Meritum – Rocznik Koła Naukowego Doktorantów-Historyków Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie

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2016

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tom VIII

365-380

EN

The article refers the powers reaction in 1975 during the Cuban troops arrival to Angola. The Angolan conflict was one of elements of the American – Soviet confrontations during the cold war on the Southern Africa territory. Both US and USSR became interested in Africa much more when Cubans arrived to Angola. The year of Angola independent was a beginning of sustained civil war. In the Angolan conflict, US, USSR, Cuba, RSA, China, Zaire and other countries were diplomatically engaged. The biggest three sides of civil war: MPLA, UNITA and FNLA were using a foreign help what increase a warfare. The Angolan conflict influenced on many countries in Africa and beyond it. Ending the war was one of the most important problem in Africa.

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Oficjalne relacje polsko-czechosłowackie w latach 1980–1989 w świetle raportów Ambasady PRL w Pradze

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Szczepańska A.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2010

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nr 4

67-82

EN

Offi cial Polish-Czechoslovak Relations in the Years 1980–1989 in the Light of Reports from the Polish Embassy in Prague