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The heraldic mount from Ciemna Cave at Ojców. From studies in themedieval culture of chivalry

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Wojenka M.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2013

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tom XLVIII

227-263

EN

The focus of the article is analysis of a mount in the form of an heraldic escutcheon from the archaeological excavation of Cciemna Cave at ojców, powiat Kraków, Poland. The shape of the mount appears to be that of a medieval european heater shield, with a maximum length of 3.9 cm and three rivets for attachment. non-destructive metallograpy analysis established its material as copper (with traces of lead and arsenic) and the presence of a thin layer of tin on the outer face of the mount, the tin layer now largely eroded. The rivets are presumably copper too. The design, in repoussé and engraving, presumably is modelled on heraldic devices: the field halved vertically (party per pale), the dexter field with horizontal bars (barry), the sinister field with diagonal bars (bendy). The design seen on the mount could not be attributed to any concrete coat-of-arms. The mount from Ciemna Cave was found to have a series of analogies, mainly from central and western europe, most notably, in a deposit from felsőszentkirály in hungary with fittings similar in their decoration and execution method to the find from Ciemna Cave. Drawing on insights afforded by some of its analogies the author proposes to interpret the mount from ciemna cave as an element from a knight’s belt. This view is supported by the discovery during the archaeological investigation of ciemna cave of another medieval belt fitting. The heraldic mount from ciemna cave may be dated, drawing on the chronology of its analogies and that of the rest of the medieval finds inventory from the cave, to the second half of the thirteenth-fourteenth century. it is not impossible that the mount from Ciemna Cave (similarly as “military” artefacts recovered from the caves of Kraków–Częstochowa Upland) is a material reflection of the legend of ojców — an account on how duke władysław the elbow-high found shelter in the caves of the region, still alive today

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Archaeological excavations in Żarska Cave in Żary, Kraków district, 2012–2015: an interim report

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Wojenka M. , Wilczyński J. , Zastawny A.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2016

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tom 8

185-204

EN

This paper reports on the results of archaeological research carried out in the Main Chamber of Żarska Cave, Kraków district, in 2012 and 2014–2015. The excavations dealt with one trench (Trench 2), localized in the north-eastern part of the cave. The trench revealed a c. 350 cm deep sequence, which in total comprised 21 layers including four hearths. As regards archeological records the upper part of the cave filling was of major importance. It was composed of the Holocene humic layers 1 and 2, a large hearth (layer 3), redeposited loess (layers 4 and 5) and dark greyish, compact and greasy textured sediment (layer 6), which included three other hearths. The clayey loess layers beneath stratum 6 were archaeologically sterile. The layers 1 and 2 contained post-medieval and medieval pottery fragments, sherds of ceramics dated to the younger or late Roman Age/early Migrations Period (Przeworsk culture), several metal artifacts, human and animal bones. As regards human bones, three radiocarbon datings were made. Datings indicate that investigated human remains may correspond with younger or late Roman Age/early Migrations Period finds assemblage (1755±30 BP, 1755±25 BP, 1655±30 BP). Noteworthy are the remains of counterfeiters’ workshop recorded in layers 1 and 2. Stratum 3 (a hearth) contained Medieval finds, while layers 4 and 5 did not produce any archaeological records. Layer 6 was a laminated structure, consisted of several varying shades of grey laminae. It is noteworthy that charcoal was frequently found within this layer and most likely it was associated with three recorded hearths (layer 19 – hearth 2, layer 20 – hearth 3 and layer 21 – hearth 4). Finds assemblages of layer 6 mostly consisted of pottery fragments of the Eneolithic Baden culture, flint and bone artifacts, a fragment of polished stone battle axe and numerous animal remains.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi wstępne sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w Komorze Głównej Jaskini Żarskiej w Żarach w latach 2012–2015. Prace wykopaliskowe prowadzono w obrębie jednego wykopu badawczego (wykop 2), zlokalizowanego w północno-wschodniej partii jaskini. Wykop 2 ujawnił złożoną sytuację stratygraficzną. Zarejestrowano tu 21 nawarstwień (w tym cztery paleniska), przy czym na zabytki archeologiczne natrafiano wyłącznie w górnych partiach wypełniska jaskini. Warstwy 1 i 2 określić można jako poziomy próchnicze. Zawierały one liczne ułamki naczyń datowanych na okres nowożytny, średniowiecze oraz na młodszy lub późny okres rzymski, względnie na wczesne fazy okresu wędrówek ludów (kultura przeworska). Warstwy te dostarczyły ponadto pojedynczych zabytków metalowych oraz ludzkich i zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych. Na uwagę zasługują tu charakterystyczne okrawki metalu (miedziane lub brązowe), świadczące o praktykowanym w jaskini procederze bicia fałszywej monety. Warto nadmienić, iż wiek trzech kości ludzkich datowano 14C techniką akceleratorową (AMS). Uzyskane wyniki odpowiadają odkrytym w jaskini zabytkom ruchomym reprezentującym inwentarz kultury przeworskiej i wynoszą odpowiednio 1755±30 BP (Poz-67070), 1755±25 BP (Poz-58069) oraz 1655±30 BP (Poz-67069). Warstwa 3 (palenisko 1) zawierała głównie zabytki średniowieczne (poł. XIII – poł. XIV w.). Przekładki warstw zgruzowionego lessu (warstwy 4 i 5) nie zawierały zabytków archeologicznych. Bardzo interesujących inwentarzy dostarczyła natomiast laminowana, ciemnoszara i tłusta warstwa nr 6, której sedymentacja, jak wskazuje inwentarz ruchomy, przypadła głównie na czas eneolitu. W nawarstwieniu tym stwierdzono ułamki naczyń (w tym kultury badeńskiej) oraz pojedyncze zabytki krzemienne, kamienne i kościane. Zalegający poniżej warstwy 6. pakiet osadów jaskiniowych nie dostarczył zabytków archeologicznych. Skalne dno jaskini zarejestrowano na głębokości ok. 350 cm, licząc od współczesnego poziomu deptaniska.

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Post-Neolithic occupation in Tunel Wielki Cave (southern Poland)

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Kot M. , Wojenka M. , Czajka G. , Kontny B. , Gryczewska N.

Folia Quaternaria

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2020

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tom nr 88

17--39

EN

Post-Neolithic cave occupation in Poland remains insufficiently recognised. The pur¬pose of this paper is to present the results of the analysis of pottery and metal objects discovered in Tunel Wielki Cave (Ojców area, SE Poland). The artefacts were collected during three fieldwork campaigns in 1967–68 and 2018. The results show that the cave was occupied at least several times. The most ephem¬eral settlement traces can be dated to the Early Bronze Age and these may be related to the Trzciniec culture. The site was more intensively used in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age by communities representing the Lusatian culture. Roman Period artefacts are very scarce. Traces of most intensive use of the cave come from the Middle Ages. One can determine artefacts conditionally dated from the 11th to the 12th century, as well as younger objects, dated to the 13th − early 14th c. Single pieces of pottery can be attributed to the Modern period. The obtained results point to multiple short-term visits. The cave fill does not bear traces of permanent occupation during the Post-Neolithic period.