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tom nr 2
11--18
EN
The carbonation process is generally considered as the most important stage to form nano-carbonate particles during the preparation of overbased calcium alkylsalicylates while the aging stage has not been emphasized by the researchers. This paper had studied the influence of aging process on the TBN (Total Basicity Number) values of overbased products and the micelle structure of carbonate particles during preparing overbased calcium alkylsalicylate by the freeze-etching microscopic observation and calcium distribution measurement method. The results showed that TBN increased as the aging time lasted and remained the stable at about 3.0 hours. The diameter of carbonate particles became smaller and well-distributed after the aging process. Water and methanol had played an important role in the re-formation of the carbonate particles during the aging process, the mechanism on the aging process had been discussed.
PL
Autorzy przedyskutowali mechanizmy procesu starzenia alkilosalicylanów wapnia, które dotychczas nie byty rozważane, a także zbadali wpływ procesu starzenia na wartość liczby zasadowej (TBN) produktów o odczynie zasadowym. Stwierdzono, że liczba zasadowa zwiększała się w miarę upływu czasu starzenia, by ustabilizować się po upływie 3 godzin. Zbadano także budowę miceli cząstek węglanów w czasie wytwarzania alkilosalicylanów wapnia. Użyto do tego obserwacji mikroskopowych zamrożonych próbek oraz metody oceny zawartości wapnia.
EN
This study addresses the removal of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions using solidified landfilled sewage sludge and its modified products as adsorbents. After the sludge was characterized using instrumental techniques (SEM, FTIR, and TG-DTA), adsorption studies were performed in a batch system, and the effects of various experimental parameters were evaluated upon CV adsorption. The results revealed that more irregular pores, higher surface roughness, and a greater content of oxygen functional groups formed in adsorbents derived from direct incineration (SC). Batch experiments revealed that stirring intension had the least effect on CV adsorption. With increasing adsorbent dosage, the CV removal efficiency increased, but the opposite result was observed for the effect of particle size. CV adsorption onto the three adsorbents was a rapid adsorption process and that onto SC was the most rapid, with the first-order kinetic model best describing the adsorption. The equilibrium data fit the Landgmiur isotherm models best, whereas much higher CV adsorption capacity and better adsorption strength onto SC were found. Desorption studies showed that acid solution was beneficial to the desorption process and the desorption rate of acetic acid reached up to about 55%. Those results proved that the solidified landfilled sewage sludge previously modified by incineration treatment was an effective adsorbent for CV removal from aqueous solution.
EN
Aiming at the non-linearity of state equation and observation equation of SSP (Siemen Schottel Propulsor) propulsion motor, an improved particle filter algorithm based on strong tracking extent Kalman filter (ST-EKF) was presented, and it was imported into the marine SSP propulsion motor control system. The strong tracking filter was used to update particles in the new algorithm and produce importance densities. As a result, the problems of particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment were ameliorated, the propulsion motor states and the rotor resistance were estimated simultaneously using strong track filter (STF), and the tracking ability of marine SSP propulsion motor control system was improved. Simulation result shown that the improved EPF algorithm was not only improving the prediction accuracy of the motor states and the rotor resistance, but also it can satisfy the requirement of navigation in harbor. It had the better accuracy than EPF algorithm.
EN
Aiming at the non-linearity of state equation and observation equation of SSP (Siemen Schottel Propulsor) propulsion motor, an improved particle filter algorithm based on strong tracking extent Kalman filter (ST-EKF) was presented, and it was imported into the marine SSP propulsion motor control system. The strong tracking filter was used to update particles in the new algorithm and produce importance densities. As a result, the problems of particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment were ameliorated, the propulsion motor states and the rotor resistance were estimated simultaneously using strong track filter (STF), and the tracking ability of marine SSP propulsion motor control system was improved. Simulation result shown that the improved EPF algorithm was not only improving the prediction accuracy of the motor states and the rotor resistance, but also it can satisfy the requirement of navigation in harbor. It had the better accuracy than EPF algorithm
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