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1
Content available Evaluation of the chemical composition and microcleanliness of the steel samples from the heavy forging ingot
100%
Michalek K. , Tkadlečková M. , Gryc K. , Machovčák P.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2013
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tom Vol. 58, iss. 4
1161--1167
EN
The paper presents new results obtained from the evaluation of the chemical composition, microcleanliness and structure of the 90-ton heavy ingot cast in two successive heats, in which the content of Cu and Ni was intentionally modified in order to assess the degree of mutual mixing of the two heats in the ingot volume during the steel casting and solidification. For determination of chemical composition, spectral analysis and LECO were used. Microcleanliness evaluation was carried out on a Hitachi microanalytical complex equipped with the energy-dispersive spectrometer Vantage. To assess the composition of oxide non-metallic inclusions ternary diagrams were used. Structure of the basic steel matrix was induced by etching. The evaluation showed that in the casting of two successive heats, a certain degree of inhomogeneity of chemical composition, especially in the lower part of the ingot can be assumed in case of different composition. A greater segregation of sulphur in the central top part of the ingot was also detected. However, microcleanliness of the entire ingot is in general very good with low proportions of non-metallic inclusions.
PL
W pracy tej przedstawiono, wyniki uzyskane z oceny składu chemicznego, czystości w skali mikro i struktury 90 tonowych wlewków odlanych w dwóch kolejnych sekwencjach, w których zawartości Cu i Ni celowo zmieniono, dla oceny stopnia wzajemnego mieszania się dwóch wytopów w objętości wlewka podczas odlewania i krzepnięcia stali. Dla określenia składu chemicznego zastosowano analizę spektralną i LECO. Badania mikroczystości przeprowadzono na zespole urządzeń do mikroanalizy Hitachi wyposażonym w spektrometr energii rozproszonej Vantage. Dla oceny składu tlenkowych wtrąceń niemetalicznych użyto trójskładnikowych układów równowagi. Struktura podstawowej osnowy stali została ujawniona za pomocą trawienia. Ocena wykazała, iż przy odlewaniu dwóch kolejnych odlewów, można zakładać pewien stopień niejednorodności składu chemicznego, zwłaszcza w dolnej części wlewka, zwłaszcza przy różnych składach chemicznych. Stwierdzono również większą segregację siarki w centralnej części wlewka Jednakże, mikroczystość całego wlewka jest na ogół bardzo dobra, przy niskich proporcjach wtrąceń niemetalicznych.
2
Content available Study of Casting and Solidification of Slab Ingot from Tool Steel Using Numerical Modelling
88%
Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Machovčák P. , Kováč M. , Socha L.
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tom Vol. 60, iss. 4
2879--2886
EN
The main problem in the production of forgings from tool steels, especially thick plates, blocks, pulleys and rods which are used for special machine components for demanding applications, it is the inhomogeneous structure with segregations, cracks in segregations or complex type of non-metallic inclusions MnS and TiCN. These forgings are actually produced from conventional forging ingots. Due to the size of forgings, it would be interesting the production of these forgings from slab ingots. It is possible that the production of forgings from slab ingots (which are distinguished by a characteristic aspect ratio A/B), it would reduce the occurrence of segregations. The paper presents the verification of the production process of slab steel ingots in particular by means of numerical modelling using finite element method. The paper describes the pre-processing, processing and post-processing phases of numerical modelling. The attention was focused on the prediction of behavior of hot metal during the mold filling, on the verification of the final porosity, of the final segregation and on the prediction of risk of cracks depending on the actual geometry of the mold.
PL
Głównym problemem w produkcji odkuwek ze stali narzędziowych, szczególnie grubych płyt, bloków, kół pasowych i prętów, używanych do specjalnych elementów maszyn dla żądanych zastosowań, jest niejednorodna struktura z segregacją, pęknięciami w segregacji lub złożonego typu niemetaliczne wtrącenia MnS i TiCN. Te odkuwki są rzeczywiście produkowane z konwencjonalnych wlewków przeznaczonych do kucia. Ze względu na wielkość odkuwek, można by produkować te odkuwki z wlewków płaskich. Możliwe, że produkcja odkuwki z wlewków płaskich (które wyróżniają się charakterystycznym stosunkiem A/B), pozwoli zmniejszyć występowanie segregacji. W pracy przedstawiono weryfikację procesu produkcji wlewków płaskich za pomocą modelowania numerycznego z wykorzystaniem metody elementów skończonych. Artykuł opisuje fazy modelowania numerycznego: wstępną fazę przetwarzania, obróbkę i przetwarzanie końcowe. Zwrócono uwagę na zachowanie się ciekłego metalu podczas napełniania wlewnic, na weryfikację końcowej porowatości, końcowej segregacji i przewidywania ryzyka pęknięcia w zależności od rzeczywistej geometrii wlewnic.
3
Content available remote Modelling steel’s homogenization during argon purging
88%
Pieprzyca J. , Kudliński Z. , Michalek K. , Gryc K. , Tkadlečková M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2012
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tom Vol. 55, nr 2
573--577
EN
Purpose: One of the primary tasks that put the steel producers to the test is to reduce production costs while maintaining high quality. This objective is achieved among others through the optimization of conducted technological processes. Commonly used technology of steel homogenization with inert gases is an important stage in the production of steel in which that objective can be accomplished. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of hydrodynamic processes occurring during the steel blowing with inert gases process directly in industrial conditions is very difficult or impossible. Therefore, as the primary research method physical modelling was used. In order to carry out the tests described in the article a physical model of the station for the argon purging was used that is working at the VSB-TU, Department of Metallurgy and Foundry in Ostrava. Findings: As a result the study provided values for the investigated process and determined the appropriate location of the gas-permeable fittings in steelmaking ladle’s bottom plug. This allows to obtain the required conditions for the steel mixing in the entire volume of ladle’s workspace. Research limitations/implications: Tests presented in the article were carried out in the VSB-TU in Ostrava. Due to this fact some research limitations occurs that applies to localization and physical model’s specific construction. Therefore, as a result of cooperation between VSB-TU in Ostrava and the Silesian University of Technology will be carried out the construction of the new research station in Katowice. Practical implications: The results of the research constitute the basis to make changes that will allow the optimization to so far used purge of steel technology. Originality/value: The results presented in the article are addressed to the steel producers and it allows to optimize on-going steel homogenization process that takes place in the ladle.
4
Content available Numerical modelling of macrosegregation in heavy steel ingot
88%
Tkadlečková M. , Machovčák P. , Gryc K. , Michalek K. , Klus P.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2013
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tom Vol. 58, iss. 1
171-177
EN
The paper presents new knowledge and experience from numerical modelling of macrosegregation in heavy steel ingot using ProCAST software. The main aim of numerical modelling realized under the conditions of the Department of Metallurgy and Foundry and Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre at VSB-TU Ostrava is the optimization of the production of heavy steel ingots produced in V´ITKOVICE HEAVY MACHINERY a.s. Input parameters of computation were determined by the real conditions of parallel experimental casting of a 90-ton steel ingot. The input data were also verified by thermal analysis and thermography measurement. The numerical results of macrosegregation were compared with the chemical analysis evaluated in a real ingot section. According to the comparison, attention will be focused next on determination of the effect of boundary conditions of filling and solidification of the ingot on the size of macrosegregation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono doswiadczenia i nowe informacje uzyskane o procesie makrosegregacji w wielkogabarytowym wlewku stalowym przy pomocy modelowania numerycznego z uzyciem oprogramowania ProCast. Głównym celem badan o charakterze modelowania numerycznego prowadzonych na Wydziale Metalurgii i Odlewnictwa oraz w Regionalnym Centrum Technologii i Inzynierii Materiałowej VSB-TU Ostrava jest optymalizacja produkcji wielkogabarytowych wlewków stalowych produkowanych w VITKOVICE HEAVY MACHINERY a.s. Dane wejsciowe do obliczen zostały wyznaczone w oparciu o opracowana analize rzeczywistych warunków odlewania stacjonarnego 90-tonowego wlewka stalowego. Zostały one dodatkowo zweryfikowane poprzez analize termiczna i pomiary termograficzne. Wyniki obliczen numerycznych porównano z wynikami analizy chemicznej przeprowadzonej dla wlewka rzeczywistego. Uzyskane rezultaty upowazniaja do podjecia w dalszej czesci badan problematyki dotyczacej okreslenia wpływu warunków brzegowych napełniania wlewnicy i krzepniecia wlewka na wielkosc procesu makrosegregacji.
5
Content available Numerical Modelling of Metal Melt Refining Process in Ladle with Rotating Impeller and Breakwaters
75%
Sviželová J. , Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Walek J. , Saternus M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2019
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tom Vol. 64, iss. 2
659--664
EN
The paper describes research and development of aluminium melt refining technology in a ladle with rotating impeller and breakwaters using numerical modelling of a finite volume/element method. The theoretical aspects of refining technology are outlined. The design of the numerical model is described and discussed. The differences between real process conditions and numerical model limitations are mentioned. Based on the hypothesis and the results of numerical modelling, the most appropriate setting of the numerical model is recommended. Also, the possibilities of monitoring of degassing are explained. The results of numerical modelling allow to improve the refining technology of metal melts and to control the final quality under different boundary conditions, such as rotating speed, shape and position of rotating impeller, breakwaters and intensity of inert gas blowing through the impeller.
6
Content available Physical Modelling of Degassing Process by Blowing of Inert Gas
75%
Tkadlečková M. , Gryc K. , Michalek K. , Socha L. , Saternus M. , Merder T. , Pieprzyca J.
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7
Content available Evaluation of Approaches of Numerical Modelling of Solidification of Continuously Cast Steel Billets
75%
Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Strouhalová M. , Saternus M. , Merder T. , Pieprzyca J. , Sviželová J.
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8
Content available Physical Modelling of Degassing Process by Blowing of Inert Gas
75%
Michalek K. , Tkadlečková M. , Socha L. , Gryc K. , Saternus M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
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tom Vol. 63, iss. 2
987--992
EN
This paper deals with the possibilities of using physical modelling to study the degassing of metal melt during its treatment in the refining ladle. The method of inert gas blowing, so-called refining gas, presents the most common operational technology for the elimination of impurities from molten metal, e.g. for decreasing or removing the hydrogen content from liquid aluminium. This refining process presents the system of gas-liquid and its efficiency depends on the creation of fine bubbles with a high interphase surface, uniform distribution, long period of its effect in the melt, and mostly on the uniform arrangement of bubbles into the whole volume of the refining ladle. Physical modelling represents the basic method of modelling and it makes it possible to obtain information about the course of refining processes. On the basis of obtained results, it is possible to predict the behaviour of the real system during different changes in the process. The experimental part focuses on the evaluation of methodical laboratory experiments aimed at the proposal and testing of the developed methods of degassing during physical modelling. The results obtained on the basis of laboratory experiments realized on the specific physical model were discussed.
9
Content available Evaluation of Approaches of Numerical Modelling of Solidification of Continuously Cast Steel Billets
75%
Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Strouhalová M. , Sviželová J. , Saternus M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
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tom Vol. 63, iss. 2
1003--1008
EN
The paper evaluates two approaches of numerical modelling of solidification of continuously cast steel billets by finite element method, namely by the numerical modelling under the Steady-State Thermal Conditions, and by the numerical modelling with the Traveling Boundary Conditions. In the paper, the 3D drawing of the geometry, the preparation of computational mesh, the definition of boundary conditions and also the definition of thermo-physical properties of materials in relation to the expected results are discussed. The effect of thermo-physical properties on the computation of central porosity in billet is also mentioned. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of two described approaches are listed and the direction of the next research in the prediction of temperature field in continuously cast billets is also outlined.
10
Content available Influence of submerged entry nozzle on intermixed zone in round blooms with a diameter of 525 mm
75%
Michalek K. , Gryc K. , Tkadlečková M. , Morávka J. , Huczala T. , Bocek D. , Horáková D.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2013
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tom Vol. 58, iss. 1
187-191
EN
This work compares the experimental results of nickel concentration measurements in the intermixed zone of the continuously cast round blooms with a diameter of 525 mm using two types of submerged entry nozzles (SEN) - a straight-through nozzle and one with 5-ports. Based on determination of the system and optical interface in the blooms a detailed study of concentration profiles on the bloom surface in a small radius area, on the right side and then also on a cross-section of the blooms, was carried out. The results were further analysed using approximation models, and were to be used to verify the proposed model for predicting intermixed zones for a continuous casting machine, developed based on the results of physical and numerical modelling.
PL
Praca przedstawia porównanie wyników pomiarów doświadczalnych stężenia niklu we wlewkach okrągłych o średnicy 525 mm odlewanych metodą COS z strefa przejściową, przy użyciu dwóch typów wylewów zanurzanych typu SEN - wylewu osiowego oraz promieniowego 5-strumieniowego. Pomiary wykonano na powierzchni wlewków oraz na ich przekroju poprzecznym przy użyciu metod optycznych. Analizę uzyskanych wyników pomiarów przeprowadzono wykorzystując modele aproksymujace. Uzyskane w ten sposób rezultaty wykorzystano do modernizacji opracowanego wcześniej w oparciu o rezultaty badan o charakterze modelowania fizycznego i numerycznego modelu do prognozowania wielkości strefy przejściowej dla badanego urządzenia do ciągłego odlewania stali.
11
Content available remote Study of Fe-C-based alloys by dynamic methods of thermal analysis
63%
Gryc K. , Smetana B. , Žaludová M. , Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Socha L. , Klus P. , Dobrovská J. , Machovčák P.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2012
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tom Vol. 55, nr 2
694--699
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to determine the temperatures of liquidus/solidus temperatures for multicomponent Fe-C-based alloys (industrially produced steel grades). The obtained results could be used in settings of conditions of steel casting and/or in the numerical simulations of processes occurring during casting and solidification of steel. Design/methodology/approach: Two modern apparatus for dynamic thermal analysis were used. Measurements of liquidus/solidus temperatures were realized by two thermal analysis methods. Experiments by the differential scanning calorimetry were done using the new one Setaram Multi High Temperature Calorimeter with 3D sensor (smaller samples about 2.6 g). The direct thermal analysis was used for large samples (23 g) at the STA 449 F3 Jupiter equipment. Findings: The differences between calculated and experimentally obtained values of liquidus/solidus temperatures were found. Also temperatures of solidification process are different than for “equilibrium” conditions. Practical implications: Presented results will be implemented into steel production practice - lowering of superheating of steel during ingot casting. The obtained temperatures will be implemented also into numerical simulations of ingot solidification. Originality/value: Two thermal analysis methods with different sample mass of steel was used under conditions of one research team. The direct cooperation between steel plant experts and university research team was applied. The utilization of results is the next phases of cooperated research of the authors.
12
Content available Study of Tundish Slag Entrainment Using Physical Modelling
63%
Michalek K. , Gryc K. , Socha L. , Saternus M. , Tkadlečková M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T. , Pindor L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2016
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tom Vol. 61, iss. 1
257--260
EN
This paper deals with the possibilities of using physical modelling to study the slag entrainment in the tundish. A level of steel in the tundish is changing during sequential continuous casting. The most significant decrease in the steel level occurs when replacing ladles. It is generally known that if the height of steel level in the tundish drops below a certain critical level, it may generate vortexes over the nozzles and as a consequence entrainment of tundish slag into individual casting strands can occur. Thus, it is necessary to identify the critical level of steel for specific operational conditions. In this paper, the development of physical modelling methodology is described as well as physical model corresponding to operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in Třinecké železárny, a.s. The obtained results are discussed.
13
Content available Comparison of solidus and liquidus temperatures of real low carbon steel grade obtained by use of thermal analysis methods
63%
Smetana B. , Kawuloková M. , Zlá S. , Kalup A. , Strouhalová M. , Řeháčková L. , Rosypalová S. , Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Dobrovská J.
Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza
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2016
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tom T. 68, nr 2
33--39
EN
Praca dotyczy badania temperatur przemian fazowych (temperatur solidus i likwidus) z użyciem różnych metod analizy termicznej. Obecnie kluczowymi metodami analizy termicznej są: różnicowa analiza termiczna DTA, skaningowa kalorymetria różnicowa oraz „bezpośrednia” analiza termiczna TA. Praca przedstawia podstawowe zasady, charakterystykę, zalety, wady i wyniki uzyskane przy użyciu tych trzech, bardzo często stosowanych metod. Przedstawiono wyniki z zakresu wysokiej temperatury (powyżej 1000°C) z naciskiem na zakres topnienia i krzepnięcia stali. Omówiono wyniki uzyskane przy zastosowaniu wspomnianych metod podczas procesu nagrzewania/chłodzenia, z uwzględnieniem różnych obciążeń analizowanych próbek i innych czynników, które mogą wpływać na uzyskane wyniki. Podano ocenę krzywych nagrzewanie/chłodzenie DTA i DSC. Porównano i omówiono uzyskane temperatury solidus i likwidus.
PL
The paper deals with the study of phase transition temperatures (solidus and liquidus temperatures) with the use of different thermal analysis methods. Currently, the key thermal analysis methods are DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and ‘direct’ thermal analysis (TA). The study presents the basic principles of these methods, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and results obtained with these three very often used methods. There paper presents results from the high temperature region (above 1000°C) with the focus on the melting and solidifying region of real steel grade – multicomponent alloy. The paper discusses results obtained with the three mentioned methods at heating/cooling process, with different loads of analysed samples and other factors that can influence the obtained results. The evaluation of heating/cooling curves, DTA and DSC – curves at heating and cooling is demonstrated. The obtained solidus and liquidus temperatures are compared and discussed.
14
Content available Physical Modelling of Tundish Slag Entrainment under Various Technological Conditions
63%
Michalek K. , Gryc K. , Socha L. , Tkadlečková M. , Saternus M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T. , Pindor L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2017
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tom Vol. 62, iss. 3
1467--1471
EN
This paper deals with the issue of physical modelling of vortexes creation and tundish slag entrainment over the mouth of the nozzle into the individual casting strands. Proper physical model is equivalent to the operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Physical modelling methodology and simulated operational conditions are shortly described. Physical modelling was used for the evaluation of current conditions of steel casting at the application of different impact pads in the tundish. Further, laboratory measurement on the physical model aiming the determination of exact critical periods of vortexes creation and study of the slag entrainment as a consequence of changes in surface level during the tundish refilling to standard level were realised. The obtained results were analysed and discussed.
15
Content available Research and Development of the Solidification of Slab Ingots from Special Tool Steels
63%
Tkadlečková M. , Michalek K. , Gryc K. , Socha L. , Jonšta P. , Saternus M. , Pieprzyca J. , Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2017
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tom Vol. 62, iss. 3
1453--1458
EN
The paper describes the research and development of casting and solidification of slab ingots from special tool steels by means of numerical modelling using the finite element method. The pre-processing, processing and post-processing phases of numerical modelling are outlined. Also, problems with determining the thermophysical properties of materials and heat transfer between the individual parts of the casting system are discussed. Based on the type of grade of tool steel, the risk of final porosity is predicted. The results allowed to improve the production technology of slab ingots, and also to verify the ratio, the chamfer and the external/ internal shape of the wall of the new designed slab ingots.
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