Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Specyfika, funkcje i mechanizmy stanów medytacyjnych na podstawie badań neuropsychologicznych nad uważnością

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Radoń S.

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nr 1

EN

Neuropsychological findings suggest that mindfulness state (meditation state) can be shown as higher state of consciousness, which differs from relaxation state (requires much more energy) and alertness (domination of parasympathetic activation). At the higher level of meditation (low demand for energy), there occur increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left insula and striatum, and reduction of activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and parietal cortex. Meditation plays an important role in top-down switching (early noticing of the stimulus – 100 msec. after appearance of the stimulus) and maintenance of the attention (dealing with mind wandering). Crucial mechanisms occurring during meditation states are: vertical synchronization of brain steam, limbic system and neocortex (higher attention of stimuli), bilateral hemispheric activation (deeper insight on negative emotions and unconsciousness) and domination of gamma band fluctuations (high speed of information propagation). Specificity, functions and mechanisms occurring in meditative states have a positive influence on many aspects of the humane life (bodily regulation, attuned communication, emotional balance, fear extinction, response flexibility, insight, empathy, intuition and morality).

PL

Wyniki neuropsychologicznych badań nad uważnością zdają się dowodzić, że stan medytacyjny może być rozumiany jako wyższy stan świadomości, który istotnie różni się od stanu odpoczynku i relaksacji (podczas niego wymagany jest duży wysiłek) oraz stanu czuwania (dominacja aktywacji parasympatycznej). W zaawansowanych stadiach medytacji (niskie wydatkowanie energetyczne) występuje wzmożona aktywacja kory przedniej części zakrętu obręczy (anterior cingulate cortex – ACC), lewej części wyspy (left insula) i prążkowia (striatum) oraz redukcja aktywacji bocznych części kory przedczołowej (lateral prefrontal cortex – lPFC) i kory ciemieniowej (parietal cortex). Medytacja odgrywa ważną rolę w procesach dowolnego włączania (switching, tj. wczesne zauważanie sygnałów do 100 milisekund od pojawienia się bodźca) oraz podtrzymywania uwagi (maintenance, tj. radzenie sobie z wędrówką myśli). Kluczowymi mechanizmami występującymi podczas stanów medytacyjnych są: wertykalna synchronizacja pnia mózgu, systemu limbicznego i kory nowej (poszerzony dostęp do bodźców), bilateralna aktywacja hemisferyczna (wgląd w negatywne emocje i nieświadomość) oraz dominacja szybkich fal gamma (szybkość propagacji informacji). Specyfika, funkcje i mechanizmy występujące podczas stanów medytacyjnych świadczą o tym, że treningi medytacji wpływają pozytywnie na wiele aspektów życia człowieka (takich jak regulacja procesów cielesnych, dostrojona komunikacja, równowaga emocjonalna, elastyczność odpowiedzi, empatia, wgląd, wygaszanie lęku, intuicja i moralność).

2

Uważność jako neuro-psycho-biologiczna próba zdefiniowania fenomenu duchowości

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Radoń S.

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EN

The aim of this article is to present the literature with the purpose of exploring the spiritual elements of mindfulness as they may be integrated into practice. Mindfulness meditation can foster an increased sense of spirituality by disengaging from a narrow self-focus, and engaging a much broader view of interconnectedness in which oneself is not seen as separate from other people and the world. Integrative theoretical framework of self-awareness, -regulation, and -transcendence (S-ART) explains the mechanisms of mindfulness. The proposed framework informs research in the contemplative sciences about definition, typology, structure, function, correlates and dynamics of spirituality, meditation, contemplation and mystical experiences

3

Fryburski Inwentarz Uważności FIU-14 (polska adaptacja i walidacja Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory)

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Radoń S.

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nr 17

85-100

EN

In this research study the polish 14-item version of Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FIU-14; Wallach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, Schmidt, 2006) based on strong results of empirical research of mindfulness was developed and validated. The psychometric properties of the Polish version were assessed in a sample of 578 peoples (128 artistic gifted young peoples 15–19 y.o. and 450 adults 20–50 y.o.). Construct validity was examined with reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analyses and by relating the FIU-14 to others measures of psychological traits (neuroticism, emotional stability, integration, rumination, openness to experience, extraversion, reflection, personality disorders). The results confirmed reliability(α = 0,75), stability (r = 0,91) and validity of FIU-14 (1-factor model of mindfulness: CMIN/df = 1,50; GFI = 0,95; AGFI = 0,93; CFI = 0,93; RMSEA = 0,04; PCLOSE = 0,81) for nonclinical population aged 20–50. Conditional use of abbreviated version of the questionnaire (FIU-8) is permitted r persons aged 15–19 (two-factor model). Replications in meditating samples and in patients are needed.

PL

Celem artykułu była prezentacja i sprawdzenie wartości psychometrycznej Fryburskiego inwentarza uważności (FIU-14; Wallach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, Schmidt, 2006), który służy do pomiaru nasilenia uważności (analiza rzetelności, konfirmacyjna analiza czynnikowa, analiza korelacji z innymi testami mierzącymi różne cechy psychologiczne: neurotyzm, stabilność emocjonalną, poziom ruminacji, otwartość na doświadczenie, refleksyjność oraz siłę ego). W badaniach brało udział 578 osób (128 uczniów Zespołu Państwowych Szkół Plastycznych w Krakowie w wieku od 15 do 19 lat oraz 450 studentów stacjonarnych i niestacjonarnych Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie w wieku od 20 do 50 lat). Uzyskane rezultaty potwierdziły rzetelność (α = 0,75), bezwzględną stabilność (r = 0,91) oraz trafność stosowania stworzonej metody badawczej w stosunku do osób z populacji nieklinicznych w wieku 20–50 lat (model jednoczynnikowy: CMIN/df = 1,50; GFI = 0,95; AGFI = 0,93; CFI = 0,93; RMSEA = 0,04; PCLOSE = 0,81). War unkowo dopuszczalne jest stosowanie skróconej wersji kwestionariusza (FIU-8) wobec osób w wieku 15–19 lat (model dwuczynnikowy). Wskazana jest dalsza walidacja na próbkach klinicznych i z kontrolowanym poziomem doświadczenia w medytacji.

4

Religijność subiektywna młodzieży o uzdolnieniach artystycznych – analiza jakościowa

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Radoń S.

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nr 1

EN

This article discuses the role of subjective religiousness among contemporary people. The theoretical and empirical approaches showing that while modernization does have secularizing effects, it also provokes a reaction that more often strengthens religion (especially subjective, intensive, autonomic religiousness). In this paper projection method were used to examine the functioning of subjective religiousness among artistically gifted young people. Ss (N=296 aged 15–20 yrs) had to finish sentences: 1. “I’m sadly …”, 2. “I treasure, I like …”, 3. “Rational analysis…”, 4. “God in my life...” . The results of qualitative analysis suggest that subjective religiousness have common and specific dimensions (conditioning, consequence meaning and typology). The findings revealed that the majority of the youth define themselves from one hand as nontraditional and not orthodox, from second hand as ultra religious and mystical. His religiousness is deep, latent and emotionally very intensive. Implications are considered for future research on religiousness.

5

Autentyczność a dojrzałość religijna młodzieży o uzdolnieniach artystycznych

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Radoń S.

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nr 2

EN

The theoretical and empirical approaches showing that authenticity are the crucial concept of existentialism, postmodernism and humanistic psychology (be free, autonomic, unique, self-defining, self-creating and integrated, transcend enculturation, invent our own patterns, rise above circumstances, gather the past, present and future into the wholeness of our resolute selves, create our own meanings and goals). This article discuses especially the role of authenticity on religious maturity (Allport’s intrinsic orientation, Batson’s quest and Sandage’s dwelling and seeking). In this paper projection method were used to examine the functioning authenticity among artistically gifted young people and its role on religious maturity. Ss (N=296 aged 15–20 yrs) had to finish sentences: 1) I’m sadly …, 2) I treasure, I like …, 3) Rational analysis…. The results of qualitative analysis revealed that the authenticity have two aspects: 1) autonomy (the freedom and loneliness, spontaneity, sensuality and creativity, 2) empathy (kindness, sensibility, emotional self-reflection, the acceptance of the imperfection, love and friendship). The findings confirmed validity of the authenticity on religious maturity as well as usefulness of considerations based on new theoretical suggestions in psychology (developmental framework of new concepts of the authenticity and religious maturity). Implications are considered for future research on dialectical understandings of religious maturity (a Wuthnow, Sandage, Shults dialectical model of spiritual development based on dwelling and seeking offers an interesting theoretical base for research).

6

Opętanie i egzorcyzm w świetle badań antropologicznych i neurologicznych

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Radoń S.

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tom 47

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nr 2

PL

The aim of this study is to present the phenomena of possession and related exorcism rituals in the light of anthropological (analysis of the possessed people) and neurological research (systematic investigation of people with disorders that are similar to possession states such as epilepsy, dissociative identity disorder, meditation and mystical experiences). The research studies show that we have two different forms of possession: positive (controlled, enriching the life of the individual, i.e. shaman, exorcist) and negative (uncontrolled, diminishing the life of the individual). Women, male homosexuals, epilepsy patients, and people with dissociative identity disorder, heightened religiosity, experienced in meditation and with mystical experiences, are more likely to become possessed. The neurological mechanism which appears to be primarily responsible for spirit-possession phenomena is reduced asymmetry of brain activity (hemispheric synchronisation increases risk for possession). The implications for diagnosis and treatment of “possessed” people are presented (exorcists and deliverance ministers often succeed where psychiatry fails, but faith healers should be discouraged from exercising violent attempts at exorcism, because misconceptions such as possession by demons are still believed to be a cause of mental illness).

7

Validation of the Polish version of the Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire

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Radoń S. , Rydzewska M.

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nr 3

279-298

EN

The objective of this study is to validate the Polish adaptation of the Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer, Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer) – a 24-item inventory measuring mindfulness in daily life – in a Polish sample. The psychometric properties of the Polish version were assessed in a sample of 885 individuals: 710 meditation-naïve and 175 meditation-advanced ones. The following psychometric properties were examined: reliability (internal consistency, temporal stability, discriminant validity), internal validity (confirmatory factor analyses), and convergent validity (correlation between the five FFMQ facets and neuroticism, emotional stability, rumination, openness to experience, ego strength, extraversion, and reflection). The results confirmed the reliability (internal consistency, temporal stability, discriminant validity), internal validity (the orthogonal 5-factor model), and convergent validity of the Polish adaptation in a nonclinical meditation-naïve and meditation-advanced population aged 15-63. The FFMQ-SF proved to be an effective instrument for measuring mindfulness in nonclinical meditation-naïve and meditation-experienced Polish samples. Further replications in clinical samples are needed.