From Precarious Work to Precarious Social Citizenship: Polish Workers' Experiences with the Identification Number System in Norway

• Autorzy: Mateus Schweyher
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the proliferation, rescaling and internalisation of borders. EU citizens who come to work in Norway are registered either with a Fødselsnummer - an identification number designating them as residents of Norway - or with a D-nummer, designating them as temporary migrants in Norway. To be registered with a Fødselsnummer, EU citizens must prove that they intend to live in Norway for at least 6 months, usually with an employment contract of at least 6 months' duration. EU citizens who are unable to secure long-term employment may not be able to register as residents and may sometimes live with a D-nummer for years. Based on qualitative research with Polish workers and NGOs offering legal advice in Oslo, this article investigates the consequences of being registered with a D-nummer. The article finds that EU citizens with a D-nummer face various, mostly informal, barriers to public healthcare and welfare benefits. Conceptualising the D-nummer as a welfare-bordering technology, the article argues that the identification number system in Norway creates a framework under which precarious work leads to precarious social citizenship. The article offers new insights into the mechanisms of welfare bordering and the stratification between the rights of precarious EU workers and those in secure forms of employment. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Obywatelstwo UE; Migracja zarobkowa; Dobrobyt; Prekariat; Praca tymczasowa

EN

Citizenship of the European Union; Economic migration; Prosperity; Precarity; Temporary work

• Czasopismo: Central and Eastern European Migration Review
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: 12
• Numer: nr 2
• Strony: 135-152

Twórcy

autor

Mateus Schweyher

• Centre for Intercultural Communication, VID Specialized University, Norway

Bibliografia

• Allen J., Axelsson L. (2019). Border Topologies: The Time-Spaces of Labour Migrant Regulation. Political Geography 72: 116-123.
• Andersen S.K., Dølvik J.E., Ibsen C.L. (2014). Nordic Labour Market Models in Open Markets. European Trade Union Institute 2874523240. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/14 Nordic model R 132 Web version.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Anderson B., Shutes I., Walker S. (2014). Report on the Rights and Obligations of Citizens and Non-Citizens in Selected Countries. https://www.uu.nl/sites/default/files/rights-and-obligations-of-citizens-and-non-citi zens-in-selected-countries.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Balibar É. (2002). Politics and the Other Scene London: Verso.
• Berge C. (2021). Hvor mange pendler til Norge for å arbeide? Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/artikler-og-publikasjoner/hvor-mange-pendler-til-arbeid-i-norge (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Berge C., Andreassen L., Køber T. (2022). Den grenseløse arbeidskraften. Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/sysselsetting/artikler/den-grenselose-arbeidskraften (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Bratsberg B., Raaum O., Røed K. (2014). Arbeidsinnvandring-varig gevinst? Søkelys på arbeidslivet 31(4): 275-293.
• Brunovskis A., Ødegård A.M. (2022). Grov utnytting av utenlandske arbeidstakere. Fafo. https://fafo.no/imag es/pub/2022/20817.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Burrell K., Schweyher M. (2021). Borders and Bureaucracies of EU Mobile Citizenship: Polish Migrants and the Personal Identification Number in Sweden. Political Geography 87: 102394.
• Burridge A., Gill N., Kocher A., Martin L. (2017). Polymorphic Borders. Territory, Politics, Governance 5(3): 239-251.
• Dwyer P.J., Scullion L., Jones K., Stewart A. (2019). The Impact of Conditionality on the Welfare Rights of EU Migrants in the UK. Policy & Politics 47(1): 133-150.
• European Commission. (2013). Practical Guide on the Applicable Legislation in the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA) and in Switzerland. Brussels: european Commission.
• Flick U. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Los Angeles: Sage.
• Friberg J.H. (2012). The Stages of Migration. From Going Abroad to Settling Down: Post-Accession Polish Migrant Workers in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38(10): 1589-1605.
• Friberg J.H. (2016). Arbeidsmigrasjon. Hva vet vi om konsekvensene for Norsk arbeidsliv, samfunn og økonomi. Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2016/20564.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Friberg J.H., Midtbøen A.H. (2019). The Making of Immigrant Niches in an Affluent Welfare State. International Migration Review 53(2): 322-345.
• Guentner S., Lukes S., Stanton R., Vollmer B.A., Wilding J. (2016). Bordering Practices in the UK Welfare System. Critical Social Policy 36(3): 391-411.
• Heindlmaier A., Blauberger M. (2017). Enter at Your Own Risk: Free Movement of EU Citizens in Practice. West European Politics 40(6): 1198-1217.
• Humphris R. (2018). Mutating Faces of the State? Austerity, Migration and Faith-Based Volunteers in a UK Downscaled Urban Context. The Sociological Review 67(1): 95-110.
• Jones R., Johnson C. (2016). Placing the Border in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.
• Jordfald B., Svarstad E., Nymoen R. (2021). Hvem er de lavtlønte? Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2021/20796.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Karlsen M.-A. (2015). Precarious Inclusion: Irregular Migration, Practices of Care, and State B/ordering in Norway. Bergen: University of Bergen.
• Lafleur J.M., Mescoli E. (2018). Creating Undocumented EU Migrants through Welfare: A Conceptualization of Undeserving and Precarious Citizenship. Sociology 52(3): 480-496.
• Løyland K., Sjøstedt T. (2016). Hvor mange midlertidige arbeidsinnvandrere blir fast bosatt? Skatteetatens Analysenytt.
• MacAuslan I., Sabates-Wheeler R. (2011). Structures of Access to Social Provision for Migrants, in: R. Sabates-Wheeler, R. Feldman (eds), Migration and Social Protection: Claiming Social Rights Beyond Borders, pp. 61-87. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Miles M.B., Huberman M.A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks/London/New Dehli: Sage.
• Misje T. (2020). Social Work and Welfare Bordering: The Case of Homeless EU Migrants in Norway. European Journal of Social Work 23(3): 401-413.
• Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration. (2022). Rundskriv til Ftrl kap 2: Medlemskap. https://lovdata.no/nav/rundskriv/r02-00 (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (2023). Rundskriv til lov om sosiale tjenester i NAV. Doknr R35-00. https://lovdata.no/nav/rundskriv/r35-00 (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Norwegian Tax Administration (2023). Report a Move to Norway from Abroad. https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/national-registry/moving/to-Norway/?277269=277303 (accessed 28 November 2023).
• O'Brien C. (2016). Civis Capitalist Sum: Class as the New Guiding Principle of EU Free Movement Rights. Common Market Law Review 53(4): 937-977.
• O'Brien C. (2017). Unity in Adversity: EU Citizenship, Social Justice and the Cautionary Tale of the UK. Oxford: Bloomsbury.
• Ødegård A.M. (2023). Arbeidsinnvandring og nye skillelinjer i arbeidsmarkedet, in: T. Fløtten, H.C. Kavli, S. Trygstad (eds), Ulikhetens drivere og dilemmaer, pp. 120-136. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
• Ødegård A.M., Andersen R.K. (2021). Arbeids-og levekår for bosatte arbeidsinnvandrere fra Polen og Litauen. Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2021/20781.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Official Norwegian Report (2022). Mellom mobilitet og migrasjon - arbeidsinnvandreres integrering i Norsk arbeids- og samfunnsliv. No 18. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2022-18/id2950726/ (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Pennings F., Seeleib-Kaiser M. (2018). EU Citizenship and Social Rights: Entitlements and Impediments to Accessing Welfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
• Schweyher M. (2023). Precarity, Work Exploitation and Inferior Social Rights: EU Citizenship of Polish Labour Migrants in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49(5): 1292-1310.
• Schweyher M., Odden G., Burrell K. (2019). Abuse or Underuse? Polish Migrants' Narratives of (Not) Claiming Social Benefits in the Uk in Times of Brexit. Central and Eastern European Migration Review 8(2): 101-122.
• Seilskjær M. (2023). I Count. Bostedsløse EU-migranter i Norge. Kirkens Bymisjon. https://kirkensbymisjon.f ra1.digitaloceanspaces.com/content/uploads/2023/05/24230100/I-COUNT.-Bostedslose-EU-migranter.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Statistics Norway (2022a). Statbank. Population. 05184: Immigrants, by Sex and Country Background. https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05184/ (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Statistics Norway (2022b). Statbank. Employment among Immigrants, Register-Based. 13903. https://www.ss b.no/en/statbank/table/13903/ (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Statistics Norway (2022c). Statbank. Earnings. 12525. https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/12525/ (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Synnes K.M. (2021). Guarding the Borders of the Norwegian Welfare State. How NAV Employees Decide on Social Assistance for Unemployed Polish Migrants. Nordic Social Work Research 11(2): 169-182.
• Tervonen M., Enache A. (2017). Coping with Everyday Bordering: Roma Migrants and Gatekeepers in Helsinki. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40(7): 1114-1131.
• Tervonen M., Pellander S., Yuval-Davis N. (2018). Everyday Bordering in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 8(3): 1-4.
• Thorsdalen B. (2016). En demografisk beskrivelse av arbeidsinnvandrere fra EU/EØS og deres familier. Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/253560?_ts=152 b138ba58 (accessed 28 November 2023).
• Yin R.K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Yuval-Davis N., Wemyss G., Cassidy K. (2019). Bordering. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.54667/ceemr.2023.26