Towards creating a comprehensive care system for elders: an overview of long-term systems across the developed countries

• Autorzy: Magdalena Leszko , Beata Bugajska
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

As a result of two trends: the increase in average life expectancy and the decline in the birthrate, population aging in many developed countries has been progressing rapidly. As the baby boomer generation (cohorts born between 1946 and 1964) ages, considerable attention has to be given to the increased demand for aff ordable and effi cient long-term care (LTC). Th e term LTC encompasses a broad range of primarily low-tech services provided by paid professionals and unpaid family members to individuals with chronic health conditions or disabilities who need help with daily activities of living (e.g. bathing, meal preparation, cleaning). Th is article aims to provide a brief overview of the long-term care systems in diff erent developed countries. Considering that current demographic trends, the aging population, and the number of people aff ected by chronic health conditions is increasing at an alarming rate, it is not surprising that there is a growing interest in developing interventions and creating policies that could lower the cost of providing long-term care and at the same time ensuring that all individuals have an access to health care. Some countries dedicated to introduce asocial long-term care insurance as a way of ensuring aff ordable access to long-term care. In this paper we review long-term care systems in developed countries such as Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, the United States, Sweden, Poland, and Germany. Although achieving superior outcomes such as longer life expectancy and decreased mortality rates at a relatively low cost is diffi cult, we suggested a few solutions on how to improve long-term care.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

aging; long-term care; older adults

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii WSB
• Czasopismo: EXLIBRIS Biblioteka Gerontologii Społecznej
• Rocznik: 2015
• Numer: 2(10)/2015 Social Policy and Models of Services for the Elderly International Perspective
• Strony: 13-24

Daty

wydano

2015

Twórcy

autor

Magdalena Leszko

• Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611,

autor

Beata Bugajska

• Faculty of Humanitas, University of Szczecin, ul. Krakowska 71-009, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland,

Bibliografia

• Administration on Aging (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/
• Allen, K., Bednarik, R., Campbell, L., Dieterich, A., Durrett, E., Emilsson, T., et al. (2011). Governance Vienna: University of Birmingham/European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research: Birmingham (INTERLINKS Report #3) and fi nance of long-term care across Europe, Overview Paper. United Kingdom/
• Augustyn, M. (Ed.), (2010). Opieka długoterminowa w Polsce. Opis, diagnoza, rekomendacje, Warszawa. Retrieved from: http://rszarf.ips.uw.edu.pl/kierunki/ODzielona.pdf
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Population by age and sex, regions of Australia. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Cat. No. 3235.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3235.0~2008~Main+Features~Tamania?OpenDocument
• Büscher, A., Wingenfeld, K., & Schaeff er, D. (2011). Determining eligibility for long-termcare— lessons from Germany. International Journal of Integrated Care, 11, e019.
• Broese van Groenou, M. I. (2012). Informele zorg 3.0: schuivende panelen en een krakend fundament [Informal care 3.0: Sliding panels and a cracking foundation]. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
• Campbell, J. C., & Ikegami, N. (2000). Long-term care insurance comes to Japan. Health Aff airs (Millwood), 19, 26–39. doi:10.1377/hlthaff .19.3.26
• Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook. (2014). Germany. In the world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/gm.html
• Cubit, K. A., & Meyer, C. (2011). Aging in Australia. Th e Gerontologist, 51(5), 583–589. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr082
• Cullen, D. J., Grey, L. & Lomas, H. (2014). Th e Australian Aged Care System. In V Mor et al (Eds.), The Challenges in Regulating Long-term Care Quality: an international comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Davey, A., Malmberg, B., & Sundström, G. (2014). Aging in Sweden: Local Variation, Local Control. The Gerontologist, 54(4), 525-532. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt124
• Department of Health and Ageing. (2005). National Aged Care Workforce Strategy. Canberra Australian Capital Territory: Aged Care Workforce Committee. Retrieved from http:// www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/90A1E255138D80CCA256FE-3001715E3/$File/nacws.pdf
• Eurostat. (2015). Population structure by major age groups, EU-27, 1990–2060. Retrieved from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Populaion_structure_by_major_age_groups,_EU-27,_19902060_(1)_(%25_of_total_population).
• Feder, J., Komisar, H. L., & Niefeld, M. (2000). Long-term care in the United States: an overview. Health Aff airs, 19(3), 40-56. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff .19.3.40
• Fukushima, N., Adami, J., & Palme, M. (2010). Th e Long-term care system for the elderly in Sweden. Enepri Research Report No. 89 http://www.ancien-longtermcare.eu/node/27
• Golinowska, S. (2010). Th e System of Long-Term Care in Poland. CASE Network Studies & Analyses,416. Retrieved from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1710644
• HHS. (2013). What is long-term care? Washington, DC: HHS. Retreived from: http://longtermcare. gov/thebasics/what-is-long-term-care/
• Jurek, L. (2013). Społeczne ubezpieczenie pielęgnacyjne: porównanie międzynarodowe. Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne nr 15
• Muramatsu, N., & Akiyama, H. (2011). Japan: super-aging society preparing for the future. Th e Gerontologist, 51(4), 425–432.
• OECD (2013), Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2013-en
• OECD. (2012). OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2012. OECD Publishing, Paris, France. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys- nld-2012-en
• OECD (2011), Poland Long-term Care. Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for World Health Organization. (2011). World Health Statistics 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf
• Pestieau, P. & Ponthiere, G. (2010). Long Term Care Insurance Puzzle. Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Discussion Paper, May 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/core/documents/coredp2010_23web.pdf
• Sagan, A., Panteli, D., Borkowski, W., Dmowski, M., Domański, F., Czyżewski, M., .Busse, R. (2011). Poland: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 13(8), 1–193.
• Schulz, E. (2010). Th e long-term care system for the elderly in Germany. Enepri Research Report No. 78. Retrieved from: http://www.ancienlongtermcare.eu/sites/default/fi les/ENEPRI%20_ANCIEN_%20R No78Germany.pdf
• Smits, H. K, van den Beld, M. J. & Aartsen, M. J., & Schroots, J. J. (2013). Aging in Th e Netherlands:State of the Art and Science. Th e Gerontologist. 54(3), 335-43. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt096
• Statistics Bureau. (2015). Portal site of offi cial statistics of Japan. Retrieved from: http://www.e--stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/ListE.do?lid= 000001063433
• Statistics Bureau. (2015). Portal site of offi cial statistics of Japan. Retrieved from http://www.e--stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/ListE.do?lid=000001063433
• Statistics Netherlands [CBS]. (2010). Prognose bevolking kerncijfers 2012–2060 [Forecast population core fi gures 2012–2060]. Den Haag/Heerlen, Th e Netherlands: Author.
• Spector, W. D. & Fleishman, J. A. (2001). „Th e Characteristics of Long-Term Care Users” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Research Report, January 2001. Retrieved from: http://www.ahrq.gov/research/ltcusers/
• Sundström, G., Johansson, L., & Hassing, L. B. (2002). Th e shift ing balance of long-term care in Sweden. Th e Gerontologist, 42(3), 350-355. doi:10.1093/geront/42.3.350
• Tsutsui, T., & Muramatsu, N. (2005). Care-needs certifi cation in the long-term care insurance system of Japan. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 522–527. doi: JGS53175 [pii]10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53175.x.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). Census population projections. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/summarytables.html
• Van Kemenade, Y. (1997). Health care in Europe. Maarsen, the Netherlands, Elsevier/ De Tijdstoom.