Warianty tytułu
Norwid as a strategist in the context of deliberations about struggle and war
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Norwid’s deliberations about strategy were not a very well known but important and inventive current in his thought and literary work. In his concise essay La philosophie de la guerre, in the rhapsody Fulminant and in numerous poems, poetical digressions, remarks, notes and memorials the writer defined strategy as a domain of knowledge, a kind of art and a practical skill, necessary to reach long-range historical aims, and especially – in the particular situation of the partitions of Poland and in the face of the lost uprisings – to conduct an efficient struggle for independence, ending in a success. Opposing the long-term planning and strategic actions to a war, a battle, a skirmish and short-term plots – or in one word: to “bloody episodes, “convulsive straining”, futile martyrdom and fatalities, Norwid advocated a peaceful struggle carried on incessantly and consistently, a struggle that aimed at realizing positive human values, and not selfish goals. He thought that this kind of “struggle is a normal task of Humanity” and a universal law of history; whereas bloody war – is a license and an exception, acceptable only in the situation of a “just war”, in defense of universal values that were vio¬lated. According to this conception the writer contrasted the “soldier’s” attitude capable of he-roism first of all in everyday life and everyday work, with the “marauding soldier’s” one, taking one’s anger out on other people in aggression, violence; one greedy for blood and revenge. Hence in Norwid’s understanding it was the ability to predict and forestall events and to take precautionary measures in time that was the essence of strategy. He also connected successful strategy with working out and keeping to “a perfectly well conceived plan” that, owing to earlier preparations, concentrating the means in the right place and time, as well as to well thought out maneuvers, eliminated or reduced to a necessary minimum the use of physical force and violence towards the opponent. The basis of strategy was then formed by a long-range intellectual conception, and also by the ability to carry on struggle with various means, including also struggle “on the field of the idea” and “on the field of the word”.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
51-76
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
autor
- Uniwersytet Warszawski, profesor emerytowany
Bibliografia
- Clausewitz C. von. Vom Kriege. Berlin 1832.
- Jomini A.-H. Précis de l'Art de la Guerre: Des Principales Combinaisons de la Stratégie, de la Grande Tactique et de la Politique Militaire. Brussels 1838.
- Kasperski E. Filozofia konfliktu i walki. Cyprian Norwid i August Cieszkowski. W: E. Kasperski. Dys-kursy romantyków. Norwid i inni. Warszawa 2003 s. 205-243.
- Kasperski E. Dramat historyczny – antynomie gatunku, antynomie historii. W: Dramat w historii, historia w dramacie. Red. K. Latawiec, R. Stachura-Lupa, J. Waligóra, E. Łubieniewska. Kraków 2009 s. 111-119.
- Kotarbiński T. Z zagadnień ogólnej teorii walki. Warszawa 1938.
- Krasiński Z. Dzieła literackie. T. I. Wybrał, notami i uwagami opatrzył P. Hertz. Warszawa 1973.
- McKeown M. The Strategy Book. Prentice Hall 2011.
- Mickiewicz A. Dzieła. T. V: Pisma artystyczne i pisma krytyczne. Oprac. Z. Dokurno. Warszawa 1996.
- Mintzberg H., Waters J.A. Tracking Strategy in an Entrepreneurial Firm. „The Academy of Management Journal” Vol. 25 No 3: September 1982 s. 465-499.
- Mintzberg H. Tracking Strategies: Towards a General Theory of Strategy Formation. Oxford 2007.
- Norwid C. Pisma wszystkie. T. I-XI. Zebrał, tekst ustalił, wstępem i uwagami krytycznymi opatrzył J.W. Gomulicki. Warszawa 1971-1976.
- Trojanowiczowa Z., Lijewska E. Kalendarz życia i twórczości Cypriana Norwida. Tom II: 1861- 1883. Poznań 2007.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.desklight-24010cdb-2812-4a24-9095-c3c7b4680881