Small island public transport service levels: operational model for Estonia

• Autorzy: Hunt, T. , Tapaninen, U. , Palu, R. , Laasma, A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The maritime connections are vital to success of islands. Estonia has 19 permanently habited islands with at least five inhabitants. 16 of those are considered as small islands with an area below 100 km2. Their sea connections are secured (i.e. organized, financed) by the government or municipality. These small islands are very diverse - in terms of population, economic activity, infrastructure capacity and needs, etc. In this study, we have analyzed ten connections to seven Estonian small islands based on seven criteria. The criteria are as follows: passenger and vehicle volumes, frequency, reliability, speed and time, vessel suitability, harbours and transport access to the harbours from the landside. Thereafter, we have classified the connections to islands to four levels: (i) daily, (ii) scheduled, (iii) invitation-only and (iv) tourism. Finally, we raised several actions to improve the connections based on the defined service levels. This article addresses the problem of small island communities, the criteria that influence service, proposes service levels and scenarios and the tools for decision-makers to better organise the connections to island communities and to serve local residents and business as well as tourism. Keywords: small islands, connectivity, sustainability, connection service levels, adequate resources.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

transport; harbour areas; operational level; small Island; COVID-19; passenger ships; logistics and transport processes; international public regulatory subsystem

• Czasopismo: TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 18 No. 2
• Strony: 315--322
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 23 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Hunt, T.

• Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

autor

Tapaninen, U.

• Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

autor

Palu, R.

• Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Kouvola, Finland

autor

Laasma, A.

• Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

Bibliografia

• [1] “EUR‐Lex HTML (EN).” Accessed: Feb. 16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://eur‐lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT.
• [2] T. Makkonen, M. Salonen, and S. Kajander, “Island accessibility challenges: Rural transport in the Finnish archipelago,” Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 274–290, 2013, doi: 10.18757/ejtir.2013.13.4.3005.
• [3] J. Á. Hernández Luis, “Temporal accessibility in archipelagos: Inter‐island shipping in the Canary Islands,” J. Transp. Geogr., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 231–239, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0966‐6923(02)00014‐5.
• [4] A. J. Baird, “Comparing the efficiency of public and private ferry services on the Pentland Firth between mainland Scotland and the Orkney Islands,” Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., vol. 4, pp. 79–89, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2.012.06.001.
• [5] J. J. Laird, “Valuing the quality of strategic ferry services to remote communities,” Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., vol. 4, pp. 97–103, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2012.06.013.
• [6] I. Spilanis, T. Kizos, and P. Petsioti, “Accessibility of peripheral regions: Evidence from Aegean Islands (Greece),” Isl. Stud. J., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 199–214, 2012, doi: 10.24043/isj.268.
• [7] H. Høyem and J. Odeck, “Assessing the socially optimal capacity at a selection of Norwegian car ferry crossings,” Case Stud. Transp. Policy, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 41–56, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CSTP.2021.10.008.
• [8] H. Høyem and J. Odeck, “Optimal public transit frequency under stochastic demand and fixed vehicle size: Application in the Norwegian car ferry sector,” Res. Transp. Econ., vol. 82, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.RETREC.2020.100878.
• [9] J. Odeck and H. Høyem, “The impact of competitive tendering on operational costs and market concentration in public transport: The Norwegian car ferry services,” Res. Transp. Econ., vol. 90, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.RETREC.2020.100883.
• [10] T. A. Mathisen and G. Solvoll, “Service quality aspects in ferry passenger transport ‐ Examples from Norway,” Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 142–157, 2010, doi: 10.18757/ejtir.2010.10.2.2879.
• [11] “Tulevaisuuden yhteysalusliikenne Tulevaisuuden yhteysalusliikenne – selvitys kehittämistarpeista,” 2021.
• [12] M. Tanko, M. I. Burke, and H. Cheemakurthy, “Water Transit and Ferry‐Oriented Development in Sweden: Comparisons with System Trends in Australia,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2672, no. 8, pp. 890–900, 2018, doi: 10.1177/0361198118782275.
• [13] C. J. Khisty, “Level‐of‐Service Measures for Ferry Systems,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1222, 1989.
• [14] F. Jørgensen and G. Solvoll, “Designing capacity and service level at ferry crossings,” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 26, pp. 215–223, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.TRPRO.2017.07.022.
• [15] C. Schürmann, “Transport Accessibility at Regional /Local Scale and Patterns in Europe,” 2013.
• [16] S. Karampela, T. Kizos, and I. Spilanis, “Accessibility of islands: Towards a new geography based on transportation modes and choices,” Isl. Stud. J., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 293–306, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.24043/isj.307.
• [17] “Glossary:Island region.” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Glossary:Island_region (accessed Feb. 17, 2023).
• [18] “Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act–Riigi Teataja.” Accessed: Feb. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available:https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/526122020001/consolide.
• [19] “Riigihalduse minister: väikesaarte nimistusse arvatakse kaks uut saart | Rahandusministeerium.” https://www.fin.ee/uudised/riigihalduse‐ministervaikesaarte‐nimistusse‐arvatakse‐kaks‐uut‐saart (accessed Feb. 17, 2023).
• [20] “UNEP‐WCMC Resources.” https://resources.unepwcmc. org/products/4785e7838e534cc1b477a40da391aab3 (accessed Feb. 28, 2023).
• [21] “Uuendatakse püsiasustusega väikesaarte nimistut | Rahandusministeerium.” https://www.fin.ee/uudised/uuendataksepusiasustusega‐vaikesaarte‐nimistut (accessed Mar. 13, 2023).
• [22] U. P. Tapaninen, T. Hunt, D. Antov, T. Rõivas, and R. Palu, “Väikesaarte transpordiühenduste analüüs,” Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Tallinn, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://transpordiamet.ee/media/14550/download.
• [23] “Julkaisuja_04‐2009.pdf.” Accessed: Apr. 01, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/1002 4/78292/Julkaisuja_04‐2009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y..

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12716/1001.18.02.07