Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is ideal for high performance of mechanical properties. However, during the manufacturing process of CFRP, defects or flaws can easily be introduced into the material, among which void is the most common one. Many factors contribute to the formation of void including the curing pressure, resin system, environmental conditions and so on, some of which are almost unavoidable. The presence of voids results in a reduction of the mechanical properties of CFRP, which has been the subject of many researchers for several decades. The aim of this paper is to summarize state-of-the-art studies on void formation and its effects on the mechanical properties of CFRP.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
33--51
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 66 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- School of Automotive Engineering Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China, liuxs@dlut.edu.cn
autor
- School of Automotive Engineering Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
Bibliografia
- 1. Potter K.D., Campbell M., Langer C., Wisnom M.R., The generation of geometrical deformations due to tool/part interaction in the manufacture of composite components, Composites: Part A, 36: 301–308, 2005.
- 2. Potter K., Langer C., Hodgkiss B., Lamb S., Sources of variability in uncured aerospace grade unidirectional carbon fibre epoxy preimpregnate, Composites: Part A, 38: 905–916, 2007.
- 3. Potter K., Khan B., Wisnom M., Bell T., Stevens J., Variability, fibre waviness and misalignment in the determination of the properties of composite materials and structures, Composites: Part A, 39: 1343–1354, 2008.
- 4. Potter K.D., Understanding the origins of defects and variability in composites manufacture, Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Composite Materials, 2009.
- 5. Mesogitis T.S., Skordos A.A., Long A.C., Uncertainty in the manufacturing of fibrous thermosetting composites: A review, Composites: Part A, 57: 67–75, 2014.
- 6. Costa M.L., Almeida S.F.M., Rezende M.C., The influence of porosity on the interlaminar shear strength of carbon/epoxy and carbon/bismaleimide fabric laminates, Composites Science and Technology, 61: 2101–2108, 2001.
- 7. Strong A.B., Fundamentals of composites manufacturing: materials, method and applications, SME: Dearborn, 1989.
- 8. Stabler W.R., Tatterson G.B., Sadler R.L., El-Shiekh A.H.M., Void minimization in the manufacture of carbon fiber composites by resin transfer molding, SAMPE Quarterly, 23(20): 38–42, 1992.
- 9. Patel N., Lee L.J., Effect of fiber mat architecture on void formation and removal in liquid composite molding, Polymer Composites, 16(5): 386–399, 1995.
- 10. Breard J., Saouab A., Bouquet G., Numerical simulation of void formation in LCM, Composites Part A, 34: 517–523, 2003.
- 11. Ruiz E., Trochu F., Numerical analysis of cure temperature and internal stresses in thin and thick RTM parts, Composites: Part A, 36: 806–826, 2005.
- 12. Ruiz E., Trochu F., Multi-criteria thermal optimization in liquid composite molding to reduce processing stresses and cycle time, Composites: Part A, 37: 913–924, 2006.
- 13. Kedari V.R., Farach B.I., Hsiao K., Effects of vacuum pressure, inlet pressure, and mold temperature on the void content, volume fraction of polyester/e-glass fiber composites manufactured with VARTM process, Journal of Composite Materials, 45(26): 2727–2742, 2011.
- 14. Njionhou A., Berthet F., Castanie B., Effects of process parameters on the mechanical properties and morphology of stitched and non-stitched carbon/epoxy liquid resin-infused NCF laminate, out of autoclave and out of oven, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 65: 1289–1302, 2013.
- 15. Leclerc J.S., Ruiz E., Porosity reduction using optimized flow velocity in resin transfer molding, Composites: Part A, 39: 1859–1868, 2008.
- 16. Chen D., Arakawa K., Xu C., Reduction of void content of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molded composites by infusion pressure control, Polymer Composites, 36(9): 1629– 1637, 2015.
- 17. LeBel F., Fanaei A.E., Ruiz E., Trochu F., Prediction of optimal flow front velocity to minimize void formation in dual scale fibrous reinforcements, International Journal of Material Forming, 7: 93–116, 2014.
- 18. Lim S.T., Kang M.K., Il Lee W., Modeling of void formation during resin transfer molding, Twelfth International Conference on Composite Material- ICCM- 12, Paris, 1999.
- 19. Kang M.K., Il Lee W., Hahn H.T., Formation of microvoids during resin-transfer molding process, Composites Science and Technology, 60: 2427–2434, 2000.
- 20. Park C.H., Il Lee W., Modeling void formation and unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding processes: a survey and review, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30(11): 957–977, 2011.
- 21. Ruiz E., Achim V., Soukane S., Trochu F., Breard J., Optimization of injection flow rate to minimize micro/macrovoids formation in resin transfer molded composites, Composites Science and Technology, 66: 475–486, 2006.
- 22. Simacek P., Advani S.G., Modeling resin flow and fiber tow saturation induced by distribution media collapse in VARTM, Composites Science and Technology, 67: 2757–2769, 2007.
- 23. Yang B., Jin T., Bi F., Wei Y., Li J., Influence of fabric shear and flow direction on void formation during resin transfer molding, Composites: Part A, 65: 10–18, 2015.
- 24. Hamidi Y.K., Dharmavaram S., Aktas L., Altan M.C., Effect of fiber content on void morphology in resin transfer molded e-glass/epoxy composites, Journal of Engineering Material Technology, 131: 021–014, 2009.
- 25. Hamidi Y.K., Aktas L., Altan M.C., Formation of microscopic voids in resin transfer molded composites, Journal of Engineering Material Technology, 126: 420, 2004.
- 26. Park C.H., Lebel A., Saouab A., Breard J., Lee W.I., Modeling and simulation of voids and saturation in liquid composite molding process, Composites: Part A, 42(6): 658– 668, 2011.
- 27. Olivier P., Cottu J.P., Ferret B., Effects of cure cycle pressure and voids on some mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates, Composites, 26: 509–515, 1995.
- 28. Liu L., Zhang B.M., Wu Z.J., Wang D.F., Effect of cure pressure induced voids on the mechanical strength of carbon/epoxy laminates, Journal of Material Science Technology, 21(1): 87–91, 2005.
- 29. Liu L., Zhang B.M., Wang D.F., Wu Z.J., Effect of cure cycles on void content and mechanical properties of composite laminates, Composite Structures, 73: 303–309, 2006.
- 30. Gu Y., Li M., Zhang Z., Sun Z., Void formation model and measuring method of void formation condition during hot pressing process, Polymer Composites, 31(9): 1562–1571, 2010.
- 31. Zhu H., Wu B., Li D., Zhang D., Chen Y., Influence of voids on the tensile performance of carbon/epoxy fabric laminates, Journal of Material Science Technology, 27(1): 69–73, 2011.
- 32. Koushyar H., Alavi-Soltani S., Minaie B., Violette M., Effects of variation in autoclave pressure, temperature, and vacuum-application time on porosity and mechanical properties of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite, Journal of Composite Materials, 46(16): 1985–2004, 2012.
- 33. Zhu H.Y., Li D.H., Zhang D.X., Wu B.C., Chen Y.Y., Influence of voids on interlaminar shear strength of carbon/epoxy fabric laminates, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19: s470–s475, 2009.
- 34. Grunenfelder L.K., Nutt S.R., Void formation in composite prepregs-effect of dissolved moisture, Composites Science and Technology, 70: 2304–2309, 2010.
- 35. Jackson K., Crabtree M., Autoclave quality composites tooling for composite for vacuum bag only processing, Proceedings of 47th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 800– 807, 2002.
- 36. Ghiorse S.R., Jurta R.M., Effect of low frequency vibration processing on carbon/epoxy laminates, Composites, 22(1): 3–8, 1991.
- 37. Muric-Nesic J., Compston P., Noble N., Stachurski Z.H., Effect of low frequency vibrations on void content in composite materials, Composites: Part A, 40: 548–551, 2009.
- 38. Muric-Nesic J., Compston P., Stachurski Z.H., On the void reduction mechanisms in vibration assisted consolidation of fibre reinforced polymer composites, Composites: Part A, 42: 320–327, 2011.
- 39. Suhot M.A., Suhot A.R., The effects of voids on the flexural properties and failure mechanisms of carbon/epoxy composites, Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 71(2): 151–157, 2014.
- 40. Almeida S.F.M., Neto Z.S.N., Effect of void content on the strength of composite laminates, Composite Structures, 28: 139–148, 1994.
- 41. Wisnom M.R., Reynolds T., Gwilliam N., Reduction in interlaminar shear strength by discrete and distributed voids, Composites Science and Technology, 56: 93–101, 1996.
- 42. Madsen B., Lilholt H., Physical and mechanical properties of unidirectional plant fiber composites-an evaluation of the influence of porosity, Composites Science and Technology, 63: 1265–1272, 2003.
- 43. Almeida S.F.M., Santacreu A.C.M., Environmental effects in composite laminates with voids, Polymer and Polymer Composites, 3(3): 193–204, 1995.
- 44. Huang H., Talreja R., Effects of void geometry on elastic properties of unidirectional fiber reiforced composites, Composites Science and Technology, 65: 1964–1981, 2005.
- 45. Hagstrand P.-O., Bonjour F., M˚anson J.-A.E., The influence of void content on the structural flexural performance of unidirectional glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composite, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 167: 251–264, 2005.
- 46. McMillan A.J., Material strength knock-down resulting from multiple randomly positioned voids, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 31(1): 13–28, 2011.
- 47. Zhang A., Lu H., Zhang D., Research on the mechanical properties prediction of carbon/epoxy composite laminates with different void contents, Polymer Composites, 37(1): 14–20, 2016.
- 48. Nikishkov Y., Seon G., Makeev A., Structural analysis of composites with porosity defects based on X-ray computed tomography, Journal of Composite Materials, 48(17): 2131–2144, 2014.
- 49. Chambers A., Earl J., Squires C., Suhot M., The effect of void on the flexural fatigue performance of unidirectional carbon fibre composites development for wind turbine applications, International Journal of Fatigue, 28: 1389–1398, 2006.
- 50. Lamber J., Chambers A.R., Sinclair I., Spearing S.M., 3D damage characterisation and the role of voids in the fatigue of wind turbine blade materials, Composites Science and Technology, 72(2): 337–343, 2012.
- 51. Zhuang L.Q., Effects of voids on delamination growth in composite laminates under compression, Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University, 2012.
- 52. Rueda Hernandez S., Curing, defects and mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced composites, PhD thesis, Universidad Politecnica De Madrid, 2013.
- 53. Suarez J.C., Molleda F., Guemes A., Void content in carbon fibre/epoxy resin composites and its effects on compressive properties, Ninth International Conference on Composite Material – ICCM9, Madrid, 1993.
- 54. Cinquin J., Triquenaux V., Rousne Y., Porosity influence on organic composite material mechanical properties, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Composite Material, Japan, 2007.
- 55. Hagstrand P.O., Bonjour F., M˚anson J.A.E., The influence of void content on the structural flexural performance of unidirectional glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites, Composites: Part A, 36: 705–714, 2005.
- 56. Judd N.C.W., Wright W., Voids and their effects on the mechanical properties of composites-an appraisal, SAMPE Journal, 14(1): 10–14, 1978.
- 57. Ghiorse S., Effect of void content on the mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates, SAMPE Quarterly, 24(2): 54–59, 1993.
- 58. Bowles K.J., Frimpong S., Void effects on the interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional graphite-fiber-reinforced composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 26(10): 1487– 1509, 1992.
- 59. Yang P., El-Hajjar R., Porosity defect morphology effects in carbon fiber-epoxy composites, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51: 1141–1148, 2012.
- 60. Bureau M.N., Denault J., Fatigue resistance of continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites: temperature dependence, Polymer Composites, 25: 622–629, 2004.
- 61. Chambers A.R., The effects of voids on the flexural fatigue performance of unidirectional carbon fibre composites developed for wind turbine applications, International Journal of Fatigue, 28(10): 1389–1398, 2006.
- 62. Abdelal N.R., Effect of voids on delamination behavior under static and fatigue mode I and mode II. PhD thesis, University of Dayton, 2013.
- 63. Asp L., Brandt F., Effects of pores and voids on the interlaminar delamination toughness of a carbon/epoxy composite, Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Composite Materials, Australia, 1997.
- 64. Vajari D.A., Gonzalez C., Llorca J., Legarth B.N., A numerical study of the in- fluence of microvoids in the transverse mechanical response of unidirectional composites, Composites Science and Technology, 97: 46–54, 2014.
- 65. Selmi A., Void effect on carbon fiber epoxy composites, 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET2014, pp. 179–183, London, UK, 2014.
- 66. Liebig W.V., Leopold C., Schulte K., Photoelastic study of stresses in the vicinity of a unique void in a fibre-reinforced model composite under compression, Composites Science and Technology, 84: 72–77, 2013.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-b0be160b-b9d1-4c7c-b6b3-3d928ed6638c