A statistical approach to coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea based on the analysis of satellite data for 1990-2009

• Autorzy: Lehmann, A. , Myrberg, K. , Höflich, K.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

A statistical analysis of Baltic Sea upwelling has been carried out to cover, for the first time, the entire sea area for the period 1990-2009. Weekly composite SST maps based on NOAA/AVHRR satellite data were used to evaluate the location and frequency of upwelling. The results obtained were analysed and compared with earlier studies with excellent agreement. Our study enables the most intense upwelling areas in the entire Baltic Sea to be evaluated. According to the analysis of 443 SST maps, the most common upwelling regions are found off the Swedish south and east coasts (frequency 10-25%), the Swedish coast of the Bothnian Bay (16%), the southern tip of Gotland (up to 15%), and the Finnish coast of the Gulf of Finland (up to 15%). Pronounced upwelling also occurs off the Estonian coast and the Baltic east coast (up to 15%), the Polish coast and the west coast of Rügen (10-15%); otherwise the upwelling frequency was between 5 and 10%. Additionally, simulated SST distributions derived from a Baltic Sea numerical model were analysed for the same period. Furthermore, at specific positions close to the coastline, surface winds based on the SMHI meteorological data base were analysed for the same 20-year period. Wind components parallel to the coast were discriminated into favourable and unfavourable winds forcing upwelling. The obtained frequencies of upwelling-favourable winds fit very well the observed upwelling frequencies derived from satellite SST maps. A positive trend of upwelling frequencies along the Swedish east coast and the Finnish coast of the Gulf of Finland was calculated for the period 1990-2009.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Baltic Sea; upwelling; sea surface temperature; modelling

• Czasopismo: Oceanologia
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: No. 54 (3)
• Strony: 369-393
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 34 poz., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Lehmann, A.

autor

Myrberg, K.

autor

Höflich, K.

• Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany,

Bibliografia

• 1.Alenius P., Nekrasov A., Myrberg K., 2003, Variability of the baroclinic Rossby radius in the Gulf of Finland, Cont. Shelf Res., 23 (6), 563-573, http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00004-9.
• 2.Bumke K., Karger U., Hasse L., Niekamp K., 1998, Evaporation over the Baltic Sea as an example of a semi-enclosed sea, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71 (2), 249-261.
• 3.Bychkova I., Viktorov S., Shumakher., 1988, A relationship between the large scale atmospheric circulation and the origin of coastal upwelling in the Baltic, Meteorol. Gidrol., 10, 9-98, (in Russian).
• 4.Demchenko N., Chubarenko I., Kaitala S., 2011, The development of seasonal structural fronts in the Baltic Sea after winters of varying severity, Climate Res., 48 (1), 73-84, http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01032.
• 5.Fennel W., Seifert T., Kayser B., 1991, Rossby radii and phase speeds in the Baltic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 11 (1), 23-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(91) 90032-2.
• 6.Gidhagen L., 1987, Coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea - satellite and in situ measurements of sea-surface temperatures indicating coastal upwelling, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 24 (4), 449-362, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90127-2.
• 7.Haapala J., 1994, Upwelling and its influence on nutrient concentration in the coastal area of the Hanko Peninsula, entrance of the Gulf of Finland, Estuar.Coast. Shelf Sci., 38 (5), 507-521, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1035.
• 8.Haapala J., Alenius P., 1994, Temperature and salinity statistics for the northern Baltic Sea 1961-1990, Fin. Mar. Res., 262, 51-121.
• 9.Hela I., 1976, Vertical velocity of the upwelling in the sea, Comment. Phys.-Math., 46 (1), 9-24.
• 10.Horstmann U., 1983, Distribution patterns of temperature and water colour in the Baltic Sea as recorded in satellite images: indicators for phytoplankton growth, Ber. Inst. Meeresk., 106, 147 pp.
• 11.Kahru M., Håkansson B., Rud O., 1995, Distributions of the sea-surface temperature fronts in the Baltic Sea as derived from satellite imagery, Cont. Shelf Res., 15 (6), 663-679, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)E0030-P.
• 12.Kowalewski M., Ostrowski M., 2005, Coastal up- and downwelling in the southern Baltic, Oceanologia, 47 (4), 453-475.
• 13.Krężel A., Ostrowski M., Szymelfenig M., 2005, Sea surface temperature distribution during upwelling along the Polish Baltic coast, Oceanologia, 47 (4), 415-432.
• 14.Lass H. -U., Schmidt T., Seifert T., 2003, Hiddensee upwelling field measurements and modelling results, ICES Coop. Res. Rep., 257, 204-208.
• 15.Lehmann A., 1995, A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea, Tellus A, 47 (5), 1013-1031, http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00206.x.
• 16.Lehmann A., Getzlaff K., Harlaß J., 2011, Detailed assessment of climate variability in the Baltic Sea area for the period 1958 to 2009, Climate Res., 46 (2), 185-196, http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr00876.
• 17.Lehmann A., Hinrichsen H. -H., 2000, On the thermohaline variability of the Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 25 (3-4), 333-357, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00026-9.
• 18.Lehmann A., Hinrichsen H. -H., 2002, Water, heat and salt exchange between the deep basins of the Baltic Sea, Boreal Environ. Res., 7 (4), 405-415.
• 19.Lehmann A., Myrberg K., 2008, Upwelling in the Baltic Sea - a review, J. Marine Syst., 74 (Suppl.), S3-S12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.02.010.
• 20.Lips I., Lips U., 2008, Abiotic factors influencing cyanobacterial bloom development in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), Hydrobiologia, 614 (1), 133-140, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9449-2.
• 21.Lips I., Lips U., Liblik T., 2009, Consequences of coastal upwelling events on physical and chemical patterns in the central Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea),Cont. Shelf Res., 29 (15), 1836-1847, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.06.010.
• 22.Matciak M., Urbański J., Piekarek-Jankowska H., Szymelfenig M., 2001, Presumable groundwater seepage influence on the upwelling events along the Hel Peninsula, Oceanol. Hydrobiol. St., 30 (3-4), 125-132.
• 23.Myrberg K., Andrejev O., 2003, Main upwelling regions in the Baltic Sea: a statistical analysis based on three-dimensional modelling, Boreal Environ. Res., 8 (2), 97-112.
• 24.Myrberg K., Andrejev O., Lehmann A., 2010, Dynamic features of successive upwelling events in the Baltic Sea - a numerical case study, Oceanologia, 52 (1), 77-99, http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-1.077.
• 25.Novotny K., Liebsch K.G., Dietrich R., Lehmann A., 2005, Combination of sealevel observations and an oceanographic model for geodetic applications in the Baltic Sea, [in:] A window on the future of geodesy, F. Sanso (ed.), IAG Symp. Vol. 128, 195-200.
• 26.Osiński R., Rak D., Walczowski W., Piechura J., 2010, Baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation in the southern Baltic Sea, Oceanologia, 52 (3), 417-429, http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-3.417.
• 27.Rudolph C., Lehmann A., 2006, A model-measurements comparison of atmospheric forcing and surface fluxes of the Baltic Sea, Oceanologia, 48 (3), 333-380.
• 28.Siegel H., Gerth M., Rudolff R., Tschersich G., 1994, Dynamic features in the western Baltic Sea investigated using NOAA-AVHRR data, Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 46 (3), 191-209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226949.
• 29.Suursaar Ü., 2010, Waves, currents and sea level variations along the Letipea - Sillamäe coastal section of the southern Gulf of Finland, Oceanologia, 52 (3),391-416, http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-3.391.
• 30.Suursaar Ü., Aps R., 2007, Spatio-temporal variations in hydro-physical and -chemical parameters during a major upwelling event off the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland in summer 2006, Oceanologia, 49 (2), 209-228.
• 31.Uiboupin R., Laanemets J., 2009, Upwelling characteristics derived from satellite sea surface temperature data in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Boreal Environ. Res., 14 (2), 297-304.
• 32.Vahtera E., Laanemets J., Pavelson J., Huttunen M., Kononen K., 2005, Effect of upwelling on the pelagic environment and bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 58 (1-2), 67-82, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.001.
• 33.Walin G., 1972, Some observations of temperature fluctuations in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea, Tellus A, 24 (3), 187-198, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972.tb01546.x.
• 34.Zhurbas V., Laanemets J., Vahtera E., 2008, Modeling of the mesoscale structure of coupled upwelling/downwelling events and the related input of nutrients to the upper mixed layer in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 113 (C05004), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004280.