Czasopismo
2008
|
Vol. 15, nr 3
|
297-313
Tytuł artykułu
Autorzy
Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Warianty tytułu
Depozycja azotu z atmosfery do mórz europejskich
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen is an important source of nutrients to the sea, accounting for approximately 30% of the total nitrogen load, which in addition includes input from the rivers and direct discharges. The excess of nutrients in the sea water is causing eutrophication which is a common problem for the European seas. Therefore, atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the seas bas been monitored since 1980s, with the help of measurements only at the beginning and with the help of models later on and at present. The results of the Unified EMEP model are presented for the period 1995-2005. Computed annual wet and dry depositions of oxidized and reduced nitrogen to the Baltic Sea, to the North Sea, to the Mediterranean Sea and to the Black Sea are analyzed, as well as the main emission sources responsible for the deposition. In addition, some indications concerning future scenarios for the airborne load of nitrogen to European seas are given.
Atmosferyczna depozycja azotu jest ważnym źródłem składników odżywczych w morzach, odpowiedzialnym za około 30% całkowitego ładunku azotu, który dodatkowo obejmuje również wkład rzek i źródeł bezpośrednich. Nadmiar składników odżywczych w wodzie morskiej powoduje eutrofizację, która stanowi powszechny problem dla mórz europejskich. Dlatego atmosferyczna depozycja azotu do mórz jest monitorowana od lat osiemdziesiątych, początkowo za pomocą pomiarów, a następnie i aż do chwili obecnej przy pomocy modeli. Rezultaty zunifikowanego modelu EMEP przedstawiono dla lat 1995-2005. Przeanalizowano obliczone roczne, mokre i suche depozycje azotu utlenionego i zredukowanego do Morza Bałtyckiego, Morza Północnego, Morza Śródziemnego i Morza Czarnego, a także najważniejsze źródła emisji odpowiedzialne za depozycję. Ponadto w pracy wskazano na możliwe scenariusze atmosferycznych ładunków azotu do mórz europejskich w przyszłości.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
297-313
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
autor
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern, NO-0313 Oslo, Norway, tel/fax +47 22 96 3 15,, jerzy.bartnicki@met.no
Bibliografia
- [1] HELCOM web-site (2008): http://www.helcom.fi/
- [2] Rönnberg C. and Bonsdorff E.: Baltic Sea eutrophication: area-specific ecological consequences. Hydrobiologia, 2004, 40, 227-241.
- [3] Patsch J. and Radach G.: Long-term simulation of the eutrophication of the North Sea: temporal development of nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production in comparison to observations. J. Sea Res., 1997, 8(3), 2275-2310.
- [4] UNEP/FAOIWHO: Assessment of the State of Eutrophication in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Series No. 106, UNEP, Athens 1996.
- [5] Bucharest Convention web site (2008): http://www.blacksea-commission.org/main.htm
- [6] OSPAR Convention web site (2008): http://www.ospar.org/
- [7] Barcelona Convention web site (2008): http://www.unep.chlregionalseaslregionslmedlcbarcel.htm
- [8] LRTAP Convention (1979): 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. UN Economic Commission for Europe. Palais des Nations, CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
- [9] EMEP web site (2008): http://www.emep.intl
- [10] Bartnicki J., Gusev A. and Fagerli H.: Atmospheric supply of nitrogen, lead, cadmium, mercury and dioxins/furans to the Baltic Sea in 2005. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West of EMEP, EMEP MSC- W Technical Report 312007.
- [11] Bartnicki J. and Fagerli H.: Atmospheric nitrogen in OSPAR Convention area in the period 1990-2004. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West of EMEP, EMEP MSC-W Technical Report 4/2006.
- [12] Simpson D., Fagerli H., Jonson J.E., Tsyro S., Wind P. and Tuovinen J.P.: Transboundary acidification and eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe: Unified EMEP model description. EMEP Status Report 2004. EMEP Report 1/2004 Part I. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, Oslo, Norway.
- [13] Tarrason L, FagerIi H., Jonson J.E., Klein H., von Loon M., Posh M., Simpson D., Solberg S., Tsyro S., Thunis P., Vestreng V., White L and Wind P.: Transboundary acidification eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 2004. EMEP Report 1/2004. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, Oslo, Norway.
- [14] Tarrason L, Benedictow AC., Fagerli H., Jonson J.E., Klein H., von Loon M., Simpson D., Tsyro S., Vestreng V., Wind P., Forster c., Stohl A., Amman M., Cofala J., Langner J., Andersson C. and Bergstrom R.: Transboundary acidification. eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe in 2005. EMEP Status Report 2005. EMEP Report 112005. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, Oslo, Norway.
- [15] Tarrason L, Fagerli H., Klein H., Simpson D., Benedictow AC., Vestreng V., Rigler E., Emberson L., Pasch P. and Spranger T.: Transboundary acidification. eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe since 1990 to 2004. EMEP Status Report 2006. EMEP Report 112006. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, Oslo, Norway.
- [16] Tarrason L, Fagerli H., Hjellbrekke A.G., Jonson J.E., Klein H., von Loon M., Posh M., Simpson D. and Aas W.: Transboundary acidification eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe in 2005. EMEP Status Report 2007. EMEP Report 1/2007. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, Oslo, Norway.
- [17] Bjørge D. and Skålin R.: PARLAM - the parallel HIRLAM version at DNMI. Research Report No. 27, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway 1995.
- [18] Fagerli H., Simpson D. and Aas W.: Model performance for sulphur and nitrogen compounds for the period 1980 to 2000. [In:] L Tarras'on (ed.), Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 1/2003, Part II Unified EMEP Model Performance, pages 1-66. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2003.
- [19] Fagerli H., Jonson J. E., Wind P. and Tarras'on L: Air concentrations and depositions: Status 2000 and 2001. [In:] L Tarras'on, (editor), Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 1/2003, Part III Source-Receptor Relationships, pages 7-19. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2003.
- [20] Fagerli H.: Air concentrations and deposition of acidifying and eutrophying components, status 2002. EMEP Report 112004, Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. Status Report 1/2004, pages 77-103. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2004.
- [21] Fagerli H.: Acidifying and eutrophying components, status in 2003, Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 1/2005, pages 9-30. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2005.
- [22] Fagerli H., Spranger T. and Posch M.: Acidification and eutrophication - progress towards the Gothenburg target year (2010), Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 1/2006, pages 29-53. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2006.
- [23] Fagerli H. and Hjellbrekke A. G.: Acidification and eutrophication, status in 2005, Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe. EMEP Status Report 112007, pages 33-53. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2007.
- [24] Simpson D., Butterbach-Bahl K, Fagerli H., Kesik M. and Skiba D.: Deposition and Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen over European Forests: A Modelling Study. Atmos. Environ., 2006, 40(29), 5712-5726.
- [25] Simpson D., Fagerli H., Hellsten S., Knulst K and Westling O.: Comparison of modelled and monitored deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen to ICP-forest sites in Europe. Biogeosciences, 2006, 337-355.
- [26] Fagerli H. and Aas W.: Trends of nitrogen in air and precipitation: Model results and observations at EMEP sites in Europe, 1980-2003. Environ. Pollut., 2008. In press, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.024.
- [27] Endresen Ǿ., Sørgård E., Sundet J.K, Dalsøren S.B., Isaksen LS.A., Berglen T.F. and Gravir G.: Emission from international sea transport and environmental impact. J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108(3), 45-60.
- [28] EEB. The European Environmental Bureau (EEB), The European Federation for Transport and Environment (T\&E), Seas at Risk (SAR) and The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain: A briefieng document by The European Environmental Bureau (EEB), The European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E), Seas at Risk (SAR) and The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain (2003). Available on www.eeb.org/activities/air/ship-briefing-nov04-(1).pdf
- [29] Bartnicki J. and Van Loon M.: Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea in 2010 based on agreed emission ceilings under the EU NEC Directive and the Gothenburg Protocol. Met. note No. 26, 2005. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
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