Structure and properties of the gradient tool materials based on a high-speed steel HS6-5-2 reinforced with WC or VC carbides

• Autorzy: Dobrzański, L. A. , Kloc-Ptaszna, A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Purpose: This paper concerns manufacturing and researching a new group of the gradient tool materials, manufactured by a conventional powder metallurgy method, consisting in compacting a powder in a closed die and sintering it. Design/methodology/approach: The materials were obtained by mixing the powders of the HS6-5-2 high-speed steel, tungsten carbide (WC), and vanadium carbide (VC). The mixes were poured one by one into the die, yielding layers with the gradually changing volume ratio of carbides within the high-speed steel matrix. Structural research by using the scanning and transmission electron microscopes, x-ray microanalysis and density, hardness and porosity tests, were performed. Structure and hardness of selected materials after heat treatment were also investigated. Findings: On the basis of the results of the research, it was found that it was possible to obtain gradient materials by the powder metallurgy methods, in order to ensure the required properties and structure of the designed material. It was shown that the new sintered graded materials were characterized by a multiphase structure, consisting of ferrite, primary carbides of the high speed steel, of the MC and M6C type, and dependently of the reinforcement phase, of the tungsten carbide WC or the vanadium carbide VC, which were introduced into the material, in the form of powder. Additionally in the structure of the WC-reinforced materials the W2C phase occurs. The gradient tool materials reinforced with the WC carbide were characterized by a higher hardness, and a lower porosity in relation to the materials reinforced with the VC carbide. It was found that the desired structure and properties (density, porosity and hardness) had the material containing 25% of the WC carbide in the surface layer, after sintering at the temperature 1210oC, for 30 minutes. The heat treatment application causes a significant increase of the surface layer hardness of the material. The highest surface layer hardness, equal to 71.6 HRC, shows the material austenitized at the temperature 1120şC, hardened and tempered twice at the temperature 530oC. Practical implications Developed material is tested for turning tools. Originality/value: The material presented in this paper has layers consisting of the carbide-steel with growing hardness on one hand, and the high-speed steel, characterized by a high ductility on the other.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

materiał narzędziowy gradientowy; tłoczenie nieosiowe; spiekanie; stal szybkotnąca; węglik wolframu; węglik wanadu

EN

gradient tool material; uniaxial pressing; sintering; high-speed steel; tungsten carbide; vanadium carbide

• Czasopismo: Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: Vol. 37, nr 2
• Strony: 213-237
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 63 poz., rys., tabl.

Twórcy

autor

Dobrzański, L. A.

autor

Kloc-Ptaszna, A.

• Division of Materials Processing Technology, Management and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland,

Bibliografia

• [1] L. A. Dobrzański, Principle of materials science, metallography, WNT, Warsaw, 2006 (in Polish).
• [2] L. A. Dobrzański, Metal engineering materials, WNT, Warsaw, 2004 (in Polish).
• [3] M. Wysiecki, Modern tool materials, WNT, Warsaw, 1997 (in Polish).
• [4] L. A. Dobrzański, E. Hajduczek, J. Marciniak, R. Nowosielski, Heat treatment of tool materials, Silesian University of Technology Press, Gliwice, 1990 (in Polish).
• [5] L. A. Dobrzański, E. Hajduczek, J. Marciniak, R. Nowosielski, Metallography and heat treatment of tool materials, WNT, Warsaw, 1990.
• [6] M. Kupczyk, Surface engineering, WPP, Poznan, 2004 (in Polish).
• [7] L. Jaworska, M. Rozmus, B. Królikowska, A. Twardowska, Functionally gradem cermets, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 17 (2006) 73-76.
• [8] R. F. Bunshah, Handbook of Hard Coatings, William Andrew Publishing, Noyes, 2001.
• [9] Y. Miyamoto, W. A. Kaysser, B. H. Rabin, A. Kawasaki, R. G. Ford, Functionally Graded Materials: Design, Processing and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-Dordrecht-London, 1999.
• [10] M. Schwartz, New Materials, Processes, And Methods Technology, CRC Press, Boca Raton-London-New York, 2006.
• [11] J. K. Wessel, The Handbook of Advanced Materials: Enabling New Designs, John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 2004.
• [12] K. Hodor, P. Zięba, B. Olszowska-Sobieraj, Functionally gradient materials as new challenge for modern technology, Materials Engineering 113/6 (1999) 595-600 (in Polish).
• [13] K. Ichikawa, Functionally Graded Materials in the 21st Century: A Workshop on Trends and Forecasts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2001.
• [14] B. Kieback, A. Neubrand, H. Riedel, Processing techniques for functionally graded materials, Materials Science and Engineering A362 (2003) 81-106.
• [15] S. Kirihara, M. Takeda, T. Tsujimoto, Development of Ti/Ti3Sn functionally gradient material produced by eutectic bonding method, Scripta Materialia 35 (1996) 157-161.
• [16] R. Knight, R. W. Smith, Thermal Spray Forming of Materials Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, ASM Handbook, ASM International 7 (1998) 408-419.
• [17] A. Maximenko, G. Roebben., O. Van Der Biest, Modelling of metal-binder migration during liquid-phase sintering of graded cemented carbides, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 160 (2005) 361-369.
• [18] K. Yamagiwa, Y. Watanabe, K. Matsuda, Y. Fukui, P. Kapranos, Characteristics of a near-net-shape formed Al–Al3Fe eco-functionally graded material produced over its eutectic melting temperature, Materials Science and Engineering A 416 (2006) 80-91.
• [19] H. Yamaoka, Fabrication of functionally gradient materials by slurry stacking and sintering process, Ceramic Transactions FGM 34 (1992) 165-172.
• [20] Y. Zhang, J. Han, X. Zhang, X. He, Z. Li, S. Du, Rapid prototyping and combustion synthesis of TiC/Ni functionally gradient materials, Materials Science and Engineering A 299 (2001) 218-224.
• [21] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc, G. Matula, Influence of forming on structure and properties of gradient materials, Materials Engineering 151/3 (2006) 584-587 (in Polish).
• [22] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc, G. Matula, J. M. Contreras, J. M. Torralba, Effect of manufacturing methods on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials with the non-alloy matrix reinforced with the HS6-5-2 type high-speed steel, Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Achievements in Mechanics, Manufacturing and Materials Science” CAM3S’2005, Gliwice – Zakopane, 2005, 223-228.
• [23] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc, G. Matula, J. Domagała, J.M. Torralba, Effect of carbon concentration on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 17 (2006) 45-48.
• [24] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc-Ptaszna., G. Matula, J. M. Torralba, Effect of carbon concentration on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials, Founding Archives 6/21 (2006) 141-149 (in Polish).
• [25] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc-Ptaszna, G. Matula, J. M. Torralba, Structure and properties of the gradient tool materials of unalloyed steel matrix reinforced with HS6-5-2 high-speed steel, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 28/4 (2007) 197-202.
• [26] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc-Ptaszna, A. Dybowska, G. Matula, E. Gordo, J. M. Torralba, Effect of WC concentration on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 20 (2007) 91-94.
• [27] L. A. Dobrzański., G. Matula, Structure and properties of sintered high speed-steel HS6-5-2 type formed by injection moulding, Proceedings of the 3rd Scientific Conference “Materials, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering” MMME'2005, Gliwice - Wisła, 2005, 203-210.
• [28] L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Structure and Properties of the Heat-Treated High-Speed Steel HS6-5-2 and HS12-1-5-5 Produced by Powder Injection Molding Process, Materials Science Forum 437-438 (2003) 133-136.
• [29] L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Fabrication methods and heat treatment conditions Effect on tribological properties of high speed steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 157 (2004) 324-330.
• [30] L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Structure and mechanical properties of HSS HS6-5-2- and HS 12-1-5-5-type steel produced by modified powder injection moulding process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 157 (2004) 658-668.
• [31] L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, G. Herranz A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Influence of debinding process on microstructure and properties of HS6-5-2- HSS parts produced by powder injection molding, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference “Industrial Tools” ICIT’2005, Cejle, Slovenia, 2005, 189-195.
• [32] L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, G. Herranz A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Metal injection moulding of HS12-1-5-5 high-speed steel using a PW-HDPE based binder, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 175 (2006) 173-178.
• [33] A. Kloc, L. A. Dobrzański, G. Matula, J. M. Torralba, Effect of manufacturing methods on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials with the non-alloy steel matrix reinforced with the HS6-5-2 type high-speed steel, Materials Science Forum 539-543 (2007) 2749-2754.
• [34] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, Structure and properties of TGM manufactured on the basis of HS6-5-2, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 17 (2006) 101-104.
• [35] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, B. Dołżańska, Structure and properties of TGM manufactured on the basis of cobalt, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 20 (2007) 151-154.
• [36] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, G. Herranz, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Influence of atmosphere and temperature of debinding on microstructure of HS6-5-2 HSS parts produced by Powder Injection Moulding, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference “Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials” PFAM XIII, Singapore, 2004, 752-761.
• [37] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, G. Herranz, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Influence of binders on the structure and properties of high speed-steel HS6-5-2 type fabricated using pressureless forming and PIM methods, Materials Science Forum 534-36 (2007) 693-696.
• [38] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, G. Herranz, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Comparison of structure and properties of HS6-5-2 type high-speed steel fabricated by different powder forming methods, Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Achievements in Mechanics, Manufacturing and Materials Science” CAM3S’2005, Gliwice – Zakopane, 2005, 660-666.
• [39] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, M. Mayoral, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J.M. Torralba, Sintering under different atmospheres of T15 and M2 high speed steels produced by a modified metal injection moulding process, Proceedings of the International Conference “New Developments on Powder Technology”, Leganes, Madrid, Spain, 2001, 1361-1368.
• [40] G. Matula, L. A. Dobrzański, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, Comparison of structure and properties of the HS12-1-5-5 type high speed steel fabricated using the pressureless forming and PIM methods, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 162 (2005) 230-235.
• [41] G. Matula, G. Herranz, A. Varez, B. Levenfeld, J. M. Torralba, L. A. Dobrzański, Microstructure and mechanical properties of T15 high-speed steels parts produced by powder injection moulding using a polyethylene based binder, Proceedings of the Powder Metallurgy World Congers and Exhibition, Vienna, 2004, 469-475.
• [42] E. Klar (red.), Metals Handbook Ninth Edition 7: Powder Metallurgy, American Society for Metals, USA, 1984.
• [43] R. Kieffer, W. Hotop, Powder Metallurgy and sintered materials, PWT, Katowice, 1951 (in Polish).
• [44] J. Lis., R. Pampuch, Sintering, AGH, Kraków, 2000 (in Polish).
• [45] J. Nowacki, Metal sintered and the metal matrix composites, WNT, Warsaw, 2005 (in Polish).
• [46] E. M. Ruiz-Navas, E Garcia, E. Gordo, F. J. Velasco, Development and characterisation of high-speed steel matrix composites gradient materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143-144 (2003) 769-775.
• [47] E. M. Ruiz-Navas, E. Gordo, E. Garcia, Development and characterisation of 430L matrix composites gradient materials, Materials Research 8 (2005) 1-4.
• [48] W. Włosiński, The joining of advanced materials, WPW, Warsaw, 1999 (in Polish).
• [49] C. Larsson, M. Oden, Hardness profile measurements in functionally graded WC–Co composites, Materials Science and Engineering A 382 (2004) 141-149.
• [50] W. Lengauer, K. Dreyer, Functionally graded hardmetals, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 38 (2002) 194-212.
• [51] W. Lengauer, K. Dreyer, Tailoring hardness and toughness gradients in functional gradient hardmetals (FGHMs), International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 24 (2006) 155-161.
• [52] M. Rosso, G. Porto, A. Geminiani, Studies of graded cemented carbides components, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 17 (1999) 187-192.
• [53] B. L. Averbach, M. Cohen, X-ray determination of retained austenite by integrated intensities, AIME Transactions 176 (1948) 401-416.
• [54] B. D. Cullity, X-ray diffraction, PWN, Warsaw, 1964 (in Polish).
• [55] S. Pawlak, J. Karp, X-ray diffraction in the mw metallurgy and physical metallurgy, Proceedings of the 7th Conference “Scientifically- Technology”, Gliwice, 1974, 274-283 (in Polish).
• [56] J. Karp, I. Pofelska-Filip, X-ray diffraction (RIAF), Metallurgist 6 (1979) 253-269 (in Polish).
• [57] X-Ray Powder Data Card File, JCPDS, ASTM, 1949-1990.
• [58] PN-EN 23923-1:1998 – Metallic powders (in Polish).
• [59] PN-82/H-04935 – Metallic powders (in Polish).
• [60] PN-EN 1389:2005 – Ceramic technical (in Polish).
• [61] L. Kukiełka, Fundamentals of Engineering Research, PWN, Warsaw, 2002 (in Polish).
• [62] K. Mańczak, Experiment planning method, WNT, Warsaw, 1976 (in Polish).
• [63] http://www.mathworks.com