Valorization of n-butanol as gasoline replacement in a DISI engine and the effect of injection phasing

• Autorzy: Merola, S. S. , Irimescu, A. , Valentino, G. , Colmenares-Quintero, R. F. , Rodas, Y. A. L.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Waloryzacja alkoholu butylowego jako zamiennika benzyny w silniku o zapłonie iskrowym z bezpośrednim wtryskiem oraz efekt zmian faz wtrysku na emisję spalin

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Alcohols represent a viable replacement for gasoline> with the advantages of providing improved energy security as well as reduced environmental impact. Compared to ethanol, which holds the majority of the alternative fuels market share in transportation, n-butanol features higher energy density and better compatibility with existing fuel systems designed for gasoline. Given this background, the present study investigated the use of pure n-butanol fuelling of a wall guided direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine with optical accessibility through the piston crown. Different injection timings were considered, and variations of soot emissions were evaluated based on smoke measurements. Besides thermodynamic investigations through the analysis in-cylinder pressure traces, flame chemiluminescence was applied for a more detailed view of the chemical processes during combustion. All conditions were benchmarked to gasoline fuelling, thus giving comprehensive information on the effect of fuel properties. It was found that the change in injection timing, even by a relatively reduced crank angle, had a significant effect on the smoke at the exhaust, for both fuel types. Early fuel delivery resulted in high soot emissions, while late injection had the opposite effect. No soot- nitrogen oxides trade-off point, specific for diesel power units, could be identified, but the optimum injection strategy resulted in high engine output and low particulate emissions. The alcohol featured increased sensitivity not only to changes in the start of injection, but also showed the potential for very low smoke. The investigations further emphasize the importance of air-fuel mixture formation and also identified ways to minimize the environmental impact of DISI engines through the development of optimized control strategies.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

silniki z zapłonem iskrowym; benzyna; emisja spalin; alkohol butylowy

EN

spark ignition engine; wall guided direct injection; gasoline; n-butanol; flame emission

• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: nr 204
• Strony: 169--185
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., tab., wykr., zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Merola, S. S.

• Istituto Motori CNR, Napoli, Italy,

autor

Irimescu, A.

• Istituto Motori CNR, Napoli, Italy

autor

Valentino, G.

• Istituto Motori CNR, Napoli, Italy

autor

Colmenares-Quintero, R. F.

• Research Group TERMOMEC, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia

autor

Rodas, Y. A. L.

• Universidad del Norte, Barraquilla, Colombia

Bibliografia

• [1] C. Jin, M. Yao, H. Liu, C.F.F. Lee, J. Ji, Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (2011) 4080-4106. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.001.
• [2] Z. Zhang, T. Wang, M. Jia, Q. Wei, X. Meng, G. Shu, Combustion and particle number emissions of a direct injection spark ignition engine operating on ethanol/gasoline and n-butanol/gasoline blends with exhaust gas recirculation, Fuel. 130 (2014) 177-188. doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2014.04.052.B.
• [3] B. Deng, J. Yang, D. Zhang, R. Feng, J. Fu, J. Liu, et al., The challenges and strategies of butanol application in conventional engines: The sensitivity study of ignition and valve timing, Appl. Energy. 108 (2013) 248-260. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.018.
• [4] A. Elfasakhany, Experimental investigation on SI engine using gasoline and a hybrid iso-butanol/gasoline fuel, Energy Convers. Manag. 95 (2015) 398-405. do- i:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.022.
• [5] S.B. Singh, A. Dhar, A.K. Agarwal, Technical feasibility study of butanol-gasoline blends for powering medium-duty transportation spark ignition engine., Renew. Energy. 76 (2015) 706-716. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.095.
• [6] A.F. Lopez, M. Cadrazco, A.F. Agudelo, L. a. Corredor, J. a. Velez, J.R. Agudelo, Impact of n-butanol and hydrous ethanol fumigation on the performance and pollu tant emissions of an automotive diesel engine, Fuel. 153 (2015) 483-491. doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2015.03.022.
• [7] B. He, M. Liu, H. Zhao, Comparison of combustion characteristics of n-butanol/ethanol - gasoline blends in a HCCI engine, Energy Convers. Manag. 95 (2015) 101-109. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.019.
• [8] C. Tornatore, L. Marchitto, G. Valentino, E Esposito Corcione, S.S. Merola, Optical diagnostics of the combustion process in a PFI SI boosted engine fueled with butanol-gasoline blend, Energy. 45 (2012) 277-287. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.006.
• [9] X. Gu, Z. Huang, J. Cai, J. Gong, X. Wu, C.F. Lee, Emission characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline-n-butanol blends in combination with EGR, Fuel. 93 (2012) 611-617. doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2011.11.040,
• [10] B. Deng, J. Fu, D. Zhang, J. Yang, R. Feng, J. Liu, et al., The heat release analysis of bio-butanol/gasoline blends on a high speed SI (spark ignition) engine, Energy. 60 (2013) 230-241. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.055.
• [11] A. Irimescu, L. Marchitto, S.S. Merola, C. Tornatore, G. Valentino, Combustion process investigations in an optically accessible DISI engine fuelled with n-butanol during part load operation, Renew. Energy. 77 (2015) 363-376. doi:10.1016/j.rene- ne.2014.12.029.
• [12] S.S. Merola, G. Valentino, C. Tornatore, L. Marchitto, In-cylinder spectroscopic measurements of knocking combustion in a SI engine fuelled with butanol-gasoline blend, Energy. 62 (2013) 150-161. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.056.
• [13] P.G. Aleiferis, J. Serras-Pereira, D. Richardson, Characterisation of flame development with ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline and methane in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine, Fuel. 109 (2013) 256-278. doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2012.12.088.
• [14] G. Karavalakis, D. Short, D. Vu, R.L. Russell, A. Asa-Awuku, H. Jung, et al., The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines, Energy. 82 (2015) 168-179. doi:10.1016/j.ener- gy.2015.01.023.
• [15) X. Zhang, C. Tang, H. Yu, Q. Li, J. Gong, Z. Huang, Laminar Flame Characteristics of iso -Octane/ n-Butanol Blend-Air Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures, Energy & Fuels. 27 (2013) 2327-2335. doi:10.1021/ef4001743.
• [16] J.B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
• [17] F.N. Alasfour, NOX Emission from a spark ignition engine using 30% Iso-butanol- gasoline blend: Part 1—Preheating inlet air, Appl. Therm. Eng. 18 (1998) 245-256. doi:10.1016/S 1359-4311(97)00081-1.
• [18] S.S. Merola, A. Irimescu, C. Tornatore, L. Marchitto, G. Valentino, Split Injection in a DISI Engine Fuelled with Butanol and Gasoline Analyzed through Integrated Methodologies, SAE Int. J. Engines 8(2015) 474-494, doi:10.4271/2015-01-0748.
• [19] M.R. Gold, C. Arcoumanis, J.H. Whitelaw, J. Gaade, S. Wallace, Mixture preparation strategies in an optical four-valve port-injected gasoline engine, Int. J. Engine Res. 1(2000), 41-56.
• [20] A.G. Gaydon. The spectroscopy of flames (1957). London: Chapman and Hall.
• [21] S.D., Peyerimhoff, R.J., Buenker, W.E., Kammer, H., Hsu, Calculation of the electronic spectrum of formaldehyde, Chemical Physics Letters, 8:1 (1971) 129-135, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(71)80596-1.
• [22] J.M., Samaniego, F.N., Egolfopoulos, and C.T. Bowman, CO2* chemiluminescence inpremixed flames, Combustion Science and Technology, 109, 1:6, (1995) 183-203.
• [23] B. S., Haynes, H. G., Wagner, Soot formation. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 7, 4 (1981) 229-273.
• [24] D. Kayes, S. Hochgreb, Mechanisms of particulate matter formation in spark-ignition engines. 1. Effects of engine operating conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 3957-3967.
• [25] Z. Hu, N. Ladommatos, Reduction of Unburnt Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines Using In-Cylinder Catalysts. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210 (1996) 123-129.