Experimental study on blending diesel fuel with dimethyl carbonate with aid of ultrasonic emulsification process

• Autorzy: Wang, Z. , Wyszynski, M. L. , Xu, H.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Blending dimethyl carbonate (DMC, oxygenated fuel additive) with ultra low sulphur diesel fuel can lower soot emissions but the blend has poor stability and short shelflife. To address this problem, ultrasonic emulsification method was employed to improve the process. Multiple tests determined by orthogonal array approach were carried out to investigate impact of several factors (temperature, emulsifier content and processing duration) on blend stability. After blends were processed, their viscosities were measured and stabilities were quantified using the measurement of light absorbance (Abs) with an UV-visible spectrophotometer. The results suggested that this processing method can greatly enhance blend stability and slightly lower viscosity. The percentage of emulsifier was the most important factor, followed by temperature, while processing duration was the least deciding one. The optimised processing condition was obtained when ultrasonic exposure duration was 10 minutes, and temperature was 20°C with a gasoline content of 4% used as emulsifier.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ultrasonic emulsification; DMC; orthogonal array approach

• Czasopismo: Archivum Combustionis
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: Vol. 34 nr 1
• Strony: 35—48
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 28 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Wang, Z.

• University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

autor

Wyszynski, M. L.

• University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom,

autor

Xu, H.

• University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

Bibliografia

• [1] H. Zhao, Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development, Volume 2: Diesel Engines, CRC Press, Oxford, ISBN 9781845697440, 2012, pp. 242-245.
• [2] C.Y. L, K.H. W, Effects of a combustion improver on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics when using three-phase emulsions as an alternative fuel, Energy and Fuels, 18 (2) (2004), pp. 477-484
• [3] R. Payri, A. Garcia, V. Domenech, R. Durrett, A. H. Plazas, An experimental study of gasoline effects on injection rate, momentum flux and spray characteristics using a common rail diesel injection system, Fuel. 97(2012)390-399.
• [4] Z.J. Wu, Z.Y. Zhu, Z. Huang, An experimental study on the spray structure of oxygenated fuel using laser-based visualization and particle image velocimetry, Fuel. 85(2006)1458-1464.
• [5] P. Rounce, Engine performance and particulate matter speciation for compression ignition engines powered by a range of fossil and biofuels, PhD dissertation, The University of Birmingham, 2012.
• [6] C.S. Cheung, R.J. Zhu, Z.H. Huang, Investigation on the gaseous and particulate emissions of a compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-dimethyl carbonate blends, Science of The Total Environment, 409( 2011)523-529.
• [7] X.L. Li, H.Y. Chen, Z.Y. Zhu, Z. Huang, Study of combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operated with dimethyl carbonate, Energy Conversion and Management. 47(2006) 1438-1448.
• [8] K. Daniel, A.L. Thomas, Effects of dimethoxymethane and dimethyl carbonate on soot production in an optically-accessible DI diesel engine, SAE paper, 01(2000)2795.
• [9] J. Zhou, R. Zhu, H. Xu, Y. Tian, Densities, Excess Molar Volume, Isothermal Compressibility, and Isobaric Expansivity of (Dimethyl Carbonate+n-hexane) Systems at Temperatures (293.15 to 313.15) K and Pressures from 0.1 MPa up to 40 MPa, J. Chem. Thermodynamics. 42(2010)1429-1434.
• [10] S.Tundo, P. Tundo, M. Selva, The Chemistry of Dimethyl Carbonate, Acc. Chem. Res. 35(2002) 706-716.
• [11] X.P. Lv, Experimental research of emulsified diesel with emulsifier, ACTA ENERGIAE SOLARIS SINICA.29(2006), No.5[in Chinese].
• [12] X.L. Wei, Effects of Ultrasound Parameters on the Stability of Lignocellulosic Bio-diesel Fuel, Biomass Source. 1673-5854 (2012) 06-0025-05[in Chinese].
• [13] A.M. Wilhelm, H. Delmas, C. Gourdon, Emulsification by ultrasound: drop size distribution and stability, Ultrason Sonochem. 6 (1999)75-83.
• [14] C.Y. Lin, L.W. Chen, Emulsification characteristics of three- and two-phase emulsions prepared by the ultrasonic emulsification method, Fuel Processing Technology, 87(2006)309-317.
• [15] Francisco F.P. Santos, S. Rodrigues, A.N. Fabiano, Fernandes, Optimization of the production of biodiesel from soybean oil by ultrasound assisted methanolysis, Fuel Processing Technology 90(2009)312-316.
• [16] J. Weiss, Emulsion Processing Homogenization, Presentation, Food Structure and Functionality Laboratories, University of Hohenheim, 2008, Amherst, MA.
• [17] http://www.geogshare.dur.ac.uk/sites/labs/information_portal/Admin/new_ViewItem.aspx?id=4. 14th Oct 2013.
• [18] Cecil Instruments, Principles and applications of reflectance spectrophotometry. Cambridge, UK. 2006.
• [19] http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/fgarces/LabMatters/Instruments/UV_Vis/Cary50.htm#Theory. 14th Oct 2013.
• [20] S. Banerji, Orthogonal Array Approach for Test Case Optimization, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 1(2012), Issue 9.
• [21] A. Hedayat, N. Sloane, J. Stufken, Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-98766-5, 1999, pp 87-106.
• [22] X.G. Wang, Experimental and analytical study on bio-diesel and diesel spray characteristics under ultrahigh injection pressure, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 31 (2010) 659-666.
• [23] Y. Li, Experimental study on spray and combustion characteristics of diesel-like fuels, PhD thesis, The University of Birmingham, 2012.
• [24] X. Jiang and N. Ellis, Upgrading Bio-oil through Emulsification with Biodiesel: Mixture Production, Energy and Fuels, 24 (2010), 1358-1364.
• [25] L.M. Wang, An experimental study on the stability of the emulsified bio-fuel, Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 1002-2090(1020) 05-0026-04.
• [26] X. Jiang and N. Ellis, Upgrading Bio-oil through Emulsification with Biodiesel: Thermal Stability, Energy and Fuels, 24 (4) (2010), 2699-2706.
• [27] A. Oasmaa and E. Kuoppala, Fast Pyrolysis of Forestry Residue. 3. Storage Stability of Liquid Fuel, Energy Fuels, 17 (4) (2003) 1075- 1084.
• [28] G. Chen, D. Tao, An experimental study of stability of oil-water emulsion, Fuel Processing Technology, 86(2005)499-50.