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The dinoflagellates are a large group of unicellular alge in marine and fresh water. Some are an endosymbiont of marine animals. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates have peridinin, a light-harvesting carotenoid. In addition, a unique carotenoid, P457, was found from Amphinidium. The presence of P457 in Symbiodinium derived from marine animals has not been reported. We reconfirmed the molecular structure of P457, a neoxanthin-like carotenoid with an aldehyde group and a lactoside, from Symbiodinium sp. NBRC 104787 isolated from a sea anemone. In addition, we investigated the distribution of P457 and peridinin in various Symbiodinium and scleractinian coral species, and possible biosynthetic pathways of these carotenoids are proposed.
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p.155-157,fig.,ref.
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- Course in Environmental Molecular Biology and Microbial Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Bibliografia
- Aakemann T, Guillard RRL, Liaaen-Jensen S (1993) Structure elucidation of (3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-13'-cis-7',8'-dihydroneoxanthin-20'-al 3'-β-d-lactoside (P457). Part 1. Reisolation, derivatization and synthesis of model compounds. Acta Chem Scand 47: 1207-1213.
- Britton G (1998) Overview of carotenoid biosynthesis. In Carotenoids 3: Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H, eds, pp 13-147. Birkhäuse, Basel.
- Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H (2004) Carotenoids Handbook. Birkhäuse, Basel.
- Englert G, Aakemann T, Schiedt K, Liaaen-Jensen S (1995) Structure elucidation of the algal carotenoid (3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-13'-cis-7',8'-dihydroneoxanthin-20'-al 3'-β-lactoside (P457). Part 2, NMR studies. J Nat Prod 58: 1675-1682.
- Jeffrey SW, Sielicki M, Haxo FT (1975) Chloroplast pigment patterns in dinoflagellates. J Phycol 11: 374-384.
- Johansen JE, Svec WA, Liaaen-Jensen S (1974) Carotenoids of the Dinophyceae. Phytochemistry 13: 2261-2271.
- Palmer JD (2003) The symbiotic birth and spread of plastids: How many times and whodunit? J Phycol. 39: 4-11.
- Swift IE, Milborrow BV (1981) Stereochemistry of allene biosynthesis and the formation of the acetylenic carotenoid diadinoxanthin and peridinin (C37) from neoxanthin. Biochem J 199: 69-74.
- Swift IE, Milborrow BV, Jeffrey SW (1982) Formation of neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and peridinin from [14C]zeaxanthin by a cell-free system from Amphidinium carterae. Phytochemistry 21: 2859-2864.
- Takaichi S (2011) Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosynthesis and functions. Mar Drugs 9: 1101-1118.
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