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Trace elements fulfil important functions in metabolism as constituents or effectors of enzymes, significance of the main trace elements - Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, J, Co, Se in feeding animals was proved in years 1928 to 1957. In the next years there was found essentiality of the other elements (according to the time of discovering: Mo, Cr, Sn, V, F, Si, Pb and As). Some of them have been called ultra trace elements. Only seven of the above mentioned trace elements are officially ratified by the European Community to be used in feeding animals. Also the other elements, called elements accompanying as their physiological function is not known yet, are present in animal organisms. The optimal supply animals with trace elements could be determined by takink into account their content in feed and utilization in an animal - i.e. so - called bioavailability [3], Bioavailability is dependent on the absorbtion from the digestive tract and the utilization in metabolism processes.
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1042-1061
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s.1042-1061,rys.,tab.,bibliogr.
Bibliografia
- 1. Anke M., Groppel B., Müller M., Krämer K. (1991): The Essentiallity of ultra Trace elements Aluminium, Bromine, Fluorine, Malybdenunt, Nickel and Vanadium for Ruminants. 42 and Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. 9 - 12 IX Berlin 1991.
- 2. Braithwaite G. D., (1985): Endogennous faecal loss of phosphorus in growing lambs and the calculation of phosphorus requirements. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 105, 67 - 72.
- 3. Brzozowska A. (1991): Biodostępność żelaza, cynku i miedzi w zależności od ilości i wzajemnych proporcji tych pierwiastków w diecie. Rozprawy Naukowe i Monografie Wyd. SGGW Warszawa.
- 4. Gesselschaft für Ernährugsphysiologie, Ausschluß für Bedarfsnormen (1986, 1992), Energie und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, 3. Milchküche und Aufzuchtrinder, DLG Frankfurt (Main).
- 5. Groppel B., Anke M., Henning A., (1991) Effect of iodine supply on the performance of goat, sheep and catle. 42 nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. 9 - 12 IX Berlin 1991.
- 6. House W. A., Van Compen D. R., Welch R. M., (1986) Influence of dietary sulfur-containing amino acids on the bio-availability to rats of zinc in com kernels. Nutr. Res. 16, 2, 225 - 235.
- 7. Kinal S., Paleczek B., Korniewicz A., Preś J., (1996a) Comparision of ewes in dry period requirement for mineral substances Archivum Veterimarium Polonicum (w druku).
- 8. Kinal S., Preś J., (1995) The effect of dolomite . limestone and zinc oxide as feed additives on utilization of organic matter and minerals by young fattering cattle. J. Anim. a Food Sci. 4, 183 - 194.
- 9. Kinal S., Preś J., Komiewicz A., Chrząszcz E., Kistowski T., (1996b) comparision of calcium and phosphorus requirements according to different standards in dry cows. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 5, 11 - 23.
- 10. Kirchgessner M., (1986) Experimental results of trace element research relating to nutrition physiology. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 1, 108 - 113.
- 11. Kirchgessner M., (1993) Unterwood Memorial Lecture Homeostasis and homeohesis in tmce element meabolism 4 - 19. Trace Elements in Man and Animals - Tema 8. Proceedings of the eighth international Symposium on trace elements in man and animals Verglag Media Touristic.
- 12. Kirchgessner M., Schwarz E., Weigland E., Roth H. P., (1982) Zum stoffwechsel des Zinks in menschlichen und tierischen organismus. In J. Staib. (Ebitor) Spurenelement Beduntung für Chirurgie, Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Schattauer Stuttgart, New York, PP. [2 - 6].
- 13. Kirchgessner M., Windisch W., Weingland E., (1993) True bioavailability of zinc and manganese by isotope dilution technique. Bioavailability '93 Nutritional, Chemical and Food processing implications of nutrient availability. Proceedings Part 1, 213 - 223. Ettlingen, May 9 - 12, 1993.
- 14. Khan A., Weaver C. M., (1989) Bioavailability of zinc to rats from soybeans and casein as effected by protein source and lenghth of adaptation. Nutr. Res. 9, 327 - 336.
- 15. Mowat. (1994) cyt. za Grela E., Rabos A., Winiarska A., (1996) Rola chromu w żywieniu świń. Trzoda Chlewna XXXIV, 4, 38.
- 16. National Research Council (1988) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. Nutrient requirements of sheep. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D. C.
- 17. Reuber S., Kreuzer M., Kirchgessner M., (1993) Kinetik von intramuskular verabreichtem ⁵⁸Co in Abhangigkeit vom Abstand der Applikation und der Höhe der oralen Cobaltversomgung am Modeli der Ratte. J. Anim. Physiol, a., Nutr. 70, 13 - 25.
- 18. Rutkowska U., Ivanow K., Wojtasik A., Czarnowska-Misztal K., Pietruszka B., Kunachowicz H., (1990): Badania nad wykorzystaniem cynku z diet modelowych przez szczury doświadczalne. Cz. IV Wpływ jakości białka w diecie przy optymalnym poziomie cynku na wchłanianie pozorne cynku i jego zawartość w wybranych tkankach szczurów. Żyw. Czł. i Metabol. XVIII, 3, 162 - 170.
- 19. Weigland E., Kirchgessner M., (1980): Total true efficiency of zinc utilization determination and homeostatic dependence upon the zinc supply status in young rats. J. Nutr. 110, 469 - 480.
- 20. Weigland E., Kirchgessner M., (1982) Factional estimetion of the Zn requirement of lactating dairy cows. Z Tierphysiol. Tierenährg. u Futtermittelkde 47, 1 - 9.
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Bibliografia
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