Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Periods of severe winter weather are associated with increased food consumption and metabolic rates. Depending on food availability birds could use different strategies to maintain homeostasis. Mallards Anas platyrhynchos L. numerously winter in urban parks, where people feed waterfowl bread. This food source is easily digestible and provides a high energy, which may affect bird behaviour. Studies were conducted in two consecutive winters in the Gdańsk-Oliwa city park in northern Poland, a place where people feed mallards, bread daily. During the period of lowest temperatures (about -12°C) females spent only 6% of their time foraging, while males spent 17% foraging. During mild winter weather (mean temperature about -2°C) foraging took up 21% of time budget in both sexes. In the colder period a three fold increase in male agonistic behaviour was observed when compared to the mild period observations. Females spent the most of harsh winter period inactive, apparently relaying on accumulated energetic reserves. Males cannot reduce all activities like females, because pairing in mallards takes place mainly in autumn and early winter and males need to attract actively, display for, and defend mates.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
799-803
Opis fizyczny
p.799-803,fig.,ref.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
- Altman J. 1974 – Observational study of behavior: sampling methods – Behaviour, 49: 227–267.
- Blüml V., Degen A. 2002 – Einflüsse auf das Aktivitätsbudget überwinternder Singschwäne (Cygnus cygnus) im mittleren Hasetal (Niedersachsen) – Vogelkdl. Ber. Niedersachs. 34: 29–42.
- Boos M., Zorn T., le Maho Y., Groscolas R., Robin J.-P. 2002 – Sex differences in body composition of wintering Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): possible implications for survival and reproductive performance – Bird Study, 49: 212–218.
- Calder W.A., King J.R. 1974 – Thermal and caloric relations in birds (In: Avian Biology, Vol. 4, Eds: D.S. Farner, J.R. King, K.C. Parkes) – Academic Press, New-York, pp.227–308.
- Conroy M.J., Constanzo G.R., Stotts D.B. 1989 – Winter survival of female American Black Ducks on the Atlantic coast – J. Wildl. Manage. 53: 99–109.
- Dubovsky J.A., Kaminski R.M. 1994 – Potential reproductive consequences of winterdiet restriction in Mallards – J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 780–786.
- Engel J., Keller M., Leszkowicz J., Zawadzki J. 1988 – Synurbization of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos in Warsaw – Acta Orn. 24: 9–28.
- Guillemain M., Fritz H., Duncan P. 2002 – Foraging strategies of granivorous dabbling ducks wintering in protected areas of the French Atlantic coast – Biodiversity Conserv. 11: 1721–1732.
- Haramis G.M., Nichols J.D., Pollock K.H., Hines J.E. 1986 – The relationship between body mass and survival of wintering Canvasbacks – Auk, 103: 506–514.
- Hepp G.R., Hair J.D. 1984 – Dominance in wintering waterfowl (Anatini): effects on distribution of sexes – Condor, 86: 251–257.
- Jędraszko-Dabrowska D., Dębińska D. 1993 – Ethological and ecological aspects of adaptation of Coot Fulica atra to breeding in urban conditions – Acta Orn. 28: 91–96.
- Johnsgard P.A. 1960 – Pair formation mechanisms in Anas (Anatidae) and related genera – Ibis, 102: 616–618.
- Johnson W.P., Rohwer F.C. 1998 – Pairing chronology and agonistic behaviors of wintering Green-winged Teal and Mallards – Wilson Bull. 110: 311–315.
- Jorde D.G., Krapu G.L., Crawford R.D., Hay M.A. 1984 – Effects of weather on habitat selection and behavior of Mallards wintering in Nebraska – Condor, 86: 258–265.
- Joyner D., Jacobson B.N., Arthur R.D. 1987 – Nutritional characteristic of grain fed to Canada Geese – Wildfowl, 38: 89–93.
- Krapu G.L. 1981 – The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction – Auk, 98: 29–38.
- Luniak M. 2004 – Synurbization – adaptation of animal wildlife to urban development (In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation, Eds: W.W. Shaw, L.K. Harris, L. Van Druff) – Tucson, Arizona, pp. 50–55.
- Meissner W., Ciopcińska K. 2007 – Behaviour of Mute Swans Cygnus olor wintering at a municipal beach in Gdynia, Poland – Ornis Svecica, 17: 148–153.
- Owen R.B. Jr. 1970 – The bioenergetics of captive Blue-winged Teal under controlled and outdoor conditions – Condor, 72: 153–163.
- Pattenden R.K., Boag D.A. 1989 – Effects of body mass on courtship, pairing and reproduction in captive mallards – Can. J. Zool. 67: 495–501.
- Reinecke K.J., Stone T.L., Owen R.B. Jr. 1982 – Seasonal carcass composition and energy balance of female Black Ducks in Maine – Condor, 84: 420–426.
- Sears J. 1989 – Feeding activity and body condition of Mute Swans Cygnus olor in rural and urban areas of lowland river system – Wildfowl, 40: 88–98.
- Smith K.G., Prince H.H. 1973 – The fasting metabolism of subadult Mallards acclimatized to low ambient temperatures – Condor, 75: 330–335.
- Swanson G.A., Meyer M.I., Adomaitis V.A. 1985 – Foods consumed by breeding Mallards on wetlands of South-central North Dakota – J. Wildl. Manage. 49: 197–203.
- Turnbull R.E., Baldassarre G.A. 1987 – Activity budgets of Mallards and American Wigeon wintering in east-central Alabama – Wilson Bull. 99: 457–464.
- Zar J.H. 1996 – Biostatistical analysis, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 663pp.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.agro-article-51efef45-7a5d-4444-b567-d4f477415e61