Seed longevity and recruitment of seedlings in xerothermic grassland

• Autorzy: Czarnecka J
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The aim of the study was to check which of the xerothermic grassland species create persistent seed bank and what type of germination characteristics they exhibit. The following features of diaspores and the seed bank were taken into consideration: 1) relation between the annual seed production and the seed bank; 2) keeping the germination ability longer than one year, despite the soil samples being kept in the conditions promoting germination; 3) presence in the deeper layers of soil; 4) permanent abundance in soil, also between seed germination and seed shedding time. Carex flacca Schreb., C. transsilvanica Schur, Linum flavum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Scabiosa ochroleuca L. create persistent seed bank, Senecio macrophyllus M. Bieb., Aster amellus L. and Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. have the transient type of the bank. Germination time for the grassland species is spring and additionally, in a few cases, early autumn when the most favourable temperature and moisture conditions prevail in the studied plant community. Taking into consideration the changes in the percentage of germinating seeds during the year we can distinguish three types of annual dormancy cycle: Linum flavum pattern – germination occurs exclusively in spring; Salvia verticillata L. pattern – the germination peak in spring; yet, the seedlings are detected during the rest of the season; Senecio macrophyllus pattern – the species with two germination peaks: one in spring, the other in autumn.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

species composition; nurse effect; grassland; persistent bank; plant community; transient bank; seedling; seed viability; seed production; xerothermic grassland; germination; seed longevity

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Ecology
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: 52
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.505-521,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Czarnecka J

• Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka Str.,20-033 Lublin, Poland

Bibliografia

• Baker H. G. 1989 – Some aspects of natural history of seed banks (In: Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, Eds: M. Leck, T. V. Parker, R. L. Simpson) – Academic Press, Inc. San Diego California, pp. 9–21.
• Bakker J. P., Bakker E. S., Rosén E., Verweij G. L., Bekker R. M. 1996 – Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland – J. Veg. Sci. 7: 165–176.
• Bekker R. M., Bakker J. P., Grandin U., Kalamees R., Milberg P., Poschold P., Thompson K., Willems J. H. 1998 – Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity – Funct. Ecol. 12: 834–842.
• Brown D. 1992 – Estimating the composition of a forest seed bank: a comparison of the seed extraction and seedling emergence methods – Can. J. Bot. 70: 1603–1612.
• Cain M. L., Milligan B. G., Strand A. E. 2000 – Long distance seed dispersal in plant populations – Am. J. Bot. 87: 1217–1227.
• Cavers P. B., Beniot D. L. 1989 – Seed banks in arable land (In: Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, Eds: M. Leck, T. V. Parker, R. L. Simpson) – Academic Press, Inc. San Diego California, pp. 309–328.
• Czarnecka B. 1994 – Zbiorowiska Białej Góry koło Tomaszowa Lubelskiego jako siedlisko rzadkich roślin naczyniowych [Plant communities of the White Mountain as the place of occurence of rare vascular plants] – Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz. 50 (2): 16–22. (in Polish)
• Czarnecka B. 1995: Biologia i ekologia izolowanych populacji Senecio rivularis (Waldst. et Kit.) DC. i Senecio umbrosus Waldst. et Kit. [Biology and Ecology of the Isolated Population of Senecio rivularis (Waldst. et Kit.) DC. and Senecio umbrosus Waldst. et Kit.) – UMCS, Lublin. (in Polish)
• Czarnecka B., Kucharczyk M. 2001: Senecio macrophyllus M. Bieb. – starzec wielkolistny (In: Polska czerwona księga roślin. Paprotniki i rośliny kwiatowe [Polish Red Data Book of Plants. Pteridophytes and Flowering Plants], Eds: R. Kaźmierczakowa, K. Zarzycki) – PAN, Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera, Instytut Ochrony Przyrody, Kraków, pp: 375–377. (in Polish)
• Czarnecka J. 2004 – Microspatial structure of the seed bank of xerothermic grassland – intracommunity differentiation – Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 73 (2): 155–164.
• Doucet C., Cavers P. B. 1996 – A persistent seed bank of the bull thistle Cirsium vulgare – Can. J. Bot. 74: 1386–1391.
• Falińska K. 2002 – Przewodnik do badań biologii populacji roślin [A guide to plant population biology researches] – Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa. (in Polish)
• Fenner M. 1987 – Seedlings – New. Phytol. 106 (Suppl.): 35–47.
• Graham D. J., Hutchings M. J. 1988 – Estimation of the seed bank of chalk grassland ley established on former arable land – J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 241–252.
• Grime J. P. 1988 – The C-R-S model of primary plant strategies – origins, implications and tests (In: Plant Evolutionary Biology, Eds: L. T. Gottlieb, S. K. Jain) – Chapman and Hall, London-New York, pp. 371–393.
• Gross K. L. 1990 – A comparison of methods for estimating seed number in the soil – J. Ecol. 78 (4): 1079–1093.
• Harper J. L. 1977 – Population Biology of Plants – Academic Press, New York.
• Harper J. L., Williams J. T., Sagar G. R. 1965 – The behaviour of seeds in soil. I. The heterogeneity of soil surface determining the establishment of plants from seeds – J. Ecol. 53 (2): 273–286.
• Hodkinson D. J., Askew A. P., Thompson K., Hodgson J. G., Bakker J. P., Bekker R. M. 1998 – Ecological correlates of seed size in the British flora – Funct. Ecol. 12: 762–766.
• Jankowska-Błaszczuk M. 1996 – Ekologiczne znaczenie wielkości nasion [Ecological aspects of seed size] – Wiad. Bot. 40 (2): 21–28. (in Polish)
• Jankowska-Błaszczuk M. 2000 – Zróżnicowanie banków nasion w naturalnych i antropogenicznie przekształconych zbiorowiskach leśnych [Differentiation of the seed banks in natural and anthropogenicaly changed forest communities] – Monographiae Botanicae 88, Łódź. (in Polish)
• Kalamees R., Zobel M. 2002 – The role of the seed bank in gap regeneration in a calcareous grassland community – Ecology 83 (4): 1017–1025.
• Kirkham F. W., Kent M. 1997 – Soil seed bank composition in relation to the above-ground vegetation in fertilized and unfertilized hay meadows on a Somerset peat moor – J. Appl. Ecol. 34: 889–902.
• Kjellsson G. 1992 – Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests: species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil – Ecography 15: 86–100.
• Leishman M. R., Westoby M. 1994 – The role of seed size in seedling establishment in dry soil conditions – experimental evidence from semi-arid species – J. Ecol. 82 (2): 249–258.
• Lityński M. 1977 – Biologiczne podstawy nasiennictwa [Biological basis of seed production] – PWN, Warszawa. (in Polish)
• Mack R. N., Pyke D. A. 1984 – The demography of Bromus tectorum. The role of microclimate, grazing and disease – J. Ecol. 72 (3): 731–748.
• Matuszkiewicz W. 2001 – Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski [A Guide to Denotation of Plant Communities of Poland] – PWN, Warszawa. (in Polish)
• Milberg P. 1990 – Hur länge kan ett frö leva? [What is the maximum longevity of seeds?] – Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 84: 323–352. (in Swedish)
• Milberg P. 1994 – Germination ecology of the grassland biennal Linum catharticum – Acta Bot. Neerl. 43: 261–269.
• Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M. 1995 – Vascular Plants of Poland: a Checklist – Polish Botanical Studies, Guidebook Series 15, PAN, Kraków.
• Ochyra R., Żarnowiec J., Bednarek-Ochyra H. 2003 – Census catalogue of Polish mosses – PAN, Institute of Botany, Kraków.
• Pavone L. V., Reader R. J. 1982 – The dynamics of seed bank size and seed state of Medicago lupulina – J. Ecol. 70 (2): 537–547.
• Rees M. 1997 – Seed dormancy (In: Plant Ecology, Ed. M. J. Crawley) – Blackwell Science, pp. 214–238.
• Rice K. J. 1989 – Impacts of seed banks on grassland community structure and population dynamics (In: Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, Eds: M. Leck, T. V. Parker, R. L. Simpson) – Academic Press, Inc. San Diego California, pp. 211–230.
• Roberts H. A. 1986 – Seed persistence in soil and seasonal emergence in plant species from different habitats – J. Appl. Ecol. 23: 639–656.
• Ryser P. 1993 – Influences of neighbouring plants on seedling establishment in limestone grassland – J. Veg. Sci. 4: 195–202.
• Simpson R. L. 1989 – Seed bank: general concepts and methodological issues (In: Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, Eds: M. Leck, T. V. Parker, R. L. Simpson) – Academic Press, Inc. San Diego California, pp. 3–8.
• Thompson K. 1987 – Seeds and seed banks – New Phytol. 106 (Suppl.): 23–34.
• Thompson K., Bakker J. P., Bekker R. M. 1997 – The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity – University Press, Cambridge.
• Thompson K., Bakker J. P., Bekker R. M., Hodgson J. G. 1998 – Ecological correlates of seed persistence in soil in the NW European flora – J. Ecol. 86 (1): 163–169.
• Thompson K., Hillier S. H., Grime J. P., Bossard C. C., Band S. R. 1996 – A functional analysis of limestone grassland community – J. Veg. Sci. 7: 371–380.
• Thompson K., Grime J. P. 1979 – Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats – J. Ecol. 67 (3): 893–922.
• Van Groenendael J., Ehrlén J., Svensson B. 2000 – Dispersal and persistence: population processes and community dynamics – Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 35 (2): 107–114.
• Verkaar H. J., Schenkeveld A. J., van der Klashorst M. P. 1983 – The ecology of short lived forbs in chalk grasslands: dispersal of seeds – New Phytol. 95: 335–344.