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Abstrakty
Aquaculture practices are considered a profitable business and are gaining popularity in Pakistan. Small farmers produce a sizeable amount of fish. The fish waste removed at the farm level and/or fishermen’s end is utilized with low economic return. Fish waste produced at the farm level generally is causing environmental pollution as well. A very small amount of fish waste is used to extract the oil using crude heating technology, which is unacceptable, uneconomical, and unhygienic. Extracted oil from wastes of aquatic resources is used as raw material for production of biodiesel around the world. In view of this scenario, a study was conducted to design and develop an indigenous small-scale fishoil extraction unit. A batch-type oil extraction unit is designed in this study, which further evaluated the performance of the developed unit. The extraction unit consists of a crusher, cooker, and centrifuge system. The crusher and centrifuge system were equipped with 2 hp and 1 hp electric motors, respectively. The motor has a revolution capacity of about 1,450 rpm. A double jacket fully water-filled system is proposed with an agitator installed in the cooker. A 1 hp electric motor was provided to operate an agitator at 40 rmp. The centrifuge unit has a double screening mechanism. The extraction unit is tested at a small fish farm near Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. The fish oil is successfully separated from fish wastes with the help of a newly designed small-scale oil extraction unit. The tests showed that 90 minutes is required to process one batch of fish waste. The extraction unit has the capacity to process 15-20 kg of fish waste in a single batch. Research for producing bio-fuels from extracted fish oil is at its initial stages and there is a substantial need for further research to study the other economic issues related to bio-fuels and evaluate the oil extraction unit.
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p.2711-2718,fig.,ref.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
autor
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Bibliografia
- 1. FAO Fisheries and Agriculture Department: Country profile-Pakistan. www.fao.org. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- 2. Economic Survey of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan 2017. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/02-Agriculture.pdf. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- 3. SHAHIDI F. Maximixing the Value of Marine by-products. CRC Press, Boca Ratón USA. 2007.
- 4. YAHYAEE Y., GHOBADIAN B., NAJAFI G. Waste fish oil biodiesel as a source of renewable fuel in Iran. Renewable Sustain Energy Rev. 17, 312. 2013.
- 5. GHALY A.E., RAMAKRISHNAN V.V., BROOKS M.S., BUDGE S.M., DAVE D. Fish processing wastes as a potential source of proteins, amino acids and oils: A critical review. J. Microbial Biochem Tech. 5 (4), 107, 2013.
- 6. NORZIAH M.H., NURAINI J., LEE K.Y. Studies on the extraction and characterization of fish oil from wastes of seafood processing industry. Asian J. Food Agro-Industry. 2 (04), 959, 2009.
- 7. ARVANITOYANNIS I.S., KASSAVETI A. Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses. Int. J. Food Sci Tech. 43 (4), 726, 2008.
- 8. CHOW C.K. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, second Ed. (revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York-Basel. 2000.
- 9. DE-DIEGO M.S.N.R.R., BELTRÁN S., JAIME I., SANZ M.T., ROVIRA J. Supercritical fluid extraction of fish oil from fish by-products: A comparison with other extraction methods, J. Food Engg. 109, 238, 2012.
- 10. JAYASINGHE P., HAWBOLDT K. A review of bio-oils from waste biomass: focus on fish processing waste. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 16 (1), 798, 2012.
- 11. LINDER M., FANNI J., PARMENTIER M. Proteolytic extraction of salmon oil and PUFA concentration by lipases. Marine Biotech. 7 (1), 70, 2005.
- 12. SAHENA F., ZAIDUL I.S.M. JINAP S., JAHURUL M.H.A., KHATIB A., NORULAINI N.A.N. Extraction of fish oil from the skin of Indian mackerel using supercritical fluids. J Food Eng. 99 (1), 63, 2010.
- 13. MBATIA B.N. Valorisation of fish waste biomass through recovery of nutrition lipids and biogas [Doctoral Thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2011.
- 14. REVERCHON E., DE MARCO I. Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of natural matter. J Supercrit Fluid. 38 (2), 146, 2006.
- 15. IBRAHEEM A., ADEOTI I.A., HAWBOLDT K. A review of lipid extraction from fish processing by-product for use as a biofuel. Biomass Bioenergy. 6, 330, 2014.
- 16. BAKO T., UMOGBAI V.I., OBETTA S.E. Development of a fish oil extracting machine, Asian J Sci. Tech., 5 (8), 43, 2014.
- 17. STEIGERS J.A. Demonstrating the use of fish oil as fuel in a large stationary diesel engine. Advances in sea food byproducts: conference proceedings. Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, AK. 187, 2002.
- 18. STEIGERS J. Alaska fish oil as a biodiesel feedstock. Presented in the challenging face of energy in rural Alaska 2005.
- 19. HAMED M., EL-MASHAD, ZHANG R., ROBERTO J., BUSTILLOS A. A two-step process for biodiesel production from salmon oil. Biosys Engg. 2008, 220, 2008.
- 20. OTTO A., JAN-ERIK W. Residual animal fat and fish for biodiesel production potentials in Norway. Biomass and Bioenergy 34, 1183, 2010.
- 21. LIN C.Y., LI R.J., Engine performance and emission characteristics of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the discarded parts of marine fish. Fuel Proc Tech. 90, 883, 2009.
- 22. BAMGBOYE A.I., ADEJUMO A.O.D. Development of a sunflower oil expeller. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR E J. 9, 1, 2007.
- 23. AKINOSO R., RAJIA O., IGBEKA J.C. Effects of compressive stress, feeding rate and speed of rotation on palm kernel oil yield. J. Food Engg. 93, 427, 2009.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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