Prosecuting Individuals for Environmental Harm in the Armed Conflict between Russia and Ukraine: The Case of Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

• Authors: Khrystyna Gavrysh

Abstracts

EN

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has caused serious harm to the environment, resulting in the destruction of ecosystems, a reduction in biodiversity, and damage to natural reserves and protected ecosystems. This type of damage may fall under the jurisdiction of both the International Criminal Court (ICC) under Art. 8(2)(b)(iv) of the ICC Statute regarding war crimes and the Ukrainian domestic courts under Art. 441 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (CCU) regarding ecocide. However, while Ukrainian domestic judicial authorities are already conducting investigations under Art. 441 CCU, the prosecution by the ICC for environmental damage should satisfy the high threshold imposed by Art. 8(2)(b)(iv) of the ICC Statute. It would be interesting to see whether the ICC Prosecutor will initiate an investigation into the Kakhovka dam bombing, just like Ukrainian domestic authorities have already done.

Keywords

EN

armed conflict; International Criminal Court; ecocide; nvironmental harm; armed aggression against Ukraine

• Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk
• Journal: Polish Yearbook of International Law
• Year: 2023
• Volume: 43
• Pages: 261-283

Dates

published

2023

Contributors

author

Khrystyna Gavrysh

• Law Department, University of Ferrara, Italy

• https://orcid.org/0000000177708080

References

• Ambos K., A Ukraine Special Tribunal with Legitimacy Problems?, Verfassungsblog, 6 January 2023, available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/a-ukraine-special-tribunal-withlegitimacy-problems/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Ambos K., Protecting the Environment through International Criminal Law?, EJIL: Talk!, 29 June 2021, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/protecting-the-environment-through-international-criminallaw/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Ambos K., Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Bloomsbury Publishing, London: 2022.
• Anderson K., What the Destruction of Kakhovka Dam Means for the Environment, Greenly Blog, 21 June 2023, available at: https://greenly.earth/en-us/blog/ecology-news/what-the-destruction-of-kakhovkadam-means-for-the-environment (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Babin B., Plotnikov O., Prykhodko A., Damage to the Maritime Ecosystems from the Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam and International Mechanisms of Its Assessment, 9(5) Lex Portus 23 (2023), pp. 23–32.
• Banungana C.T., Vers l’ intégration de l’ écocide dans le Statut de Rome, 59 The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 233 (2021), pp. 233–284.
• Baraniuk C., The Kakhovka Dam Collapse Is an Ecological Disaster, Wired, 8 June 2023, available at: https://www.wired.com/story/kakhovka-dam-flooding-ukraine/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Bartels R., The Relationship between the Law of Armed Conflict and International Criminal Law: With a Focus on the War in Ukraine, 56(1) Texas Tech Law Review 39 (2023), pp. 39–59.
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (adopted 22 March 1989, entered into force 5 May 1992), 1673 UNTS 57.
• Belgium One Step Closer to Ecocide Law, Stop Ecocide International, 21 July 2023, available at: https://t.ly/p3Uny (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Blowing up the Kakhovka Dam: How Russian Terror Will Damage Ukraine’s Ecology, Visit Ukraine, 11 June 2023, available at: https://visitukraine.today/blog/2035/blowing-up-the-kakhovka-damhow-russian-terror-will-damage-ukraines-ecology (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Bothe M., Precaution in International Environmental Law and Precautions in the Law of Armed Conflict, 10(1) Goettingen Journal of International Law 267 (2020), pp. 267–281.
• Bowen A.S., Weed M.C., War Crimes in Ukraine, Congressional Research Service Report, 16 October 2023, available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47762 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Capone F., The Wave of Russian Attacks on Ukraine’s Power Infrastructures: An Opportunity to Infuse Meaningfulness into the Notion of ‘Dual-use Objects’?, 8(2) European Papers 741 (2023), pp. 741–754.
• Case information sheet of the ICC, The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir, ICC-02/05-01/09, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/fles/CaseInformationSheets/AlBashirEng.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Code of Crimes against International Law, No. 255, 26 June 2002, available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_vstgb/englisch_vstgb.html (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Constitution of Ukraine (The Ofcial Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (BVR), 1996, No. 30, Article 141) available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en#Text (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (adopted 14 May 1954, entered into force 7 August 1956), 249 UNTS 216.
• Convention on Biological Diversity (adopted 5 June 1992, entered into force 29 December 1993), 1760 UNTS 79.
• Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modifcation Techniques (adopted 10 December 1976, entered into force 5 October 1978), 1108 UNTS 151.
• Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (adopted 10 April 1972, entered into force 26 March 1975), 1015 UNTS 165.
• Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (adopted 3 September 1992, entered into force 29 April 1997), 1975 UNTS 469.
• Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (adopted 18 September 1997, entered into force 1 March 1999), 2056 UNTS 211.
• Corten O., Koutroulis V., Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine – A Legal Assessment, European Parliament, Bruxelles: 2022.
• Criminal Code of Georgia, No. 2287, 22 July 1999, Art. 409, available at: https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/16426?publication=262 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, No. 275-Z, 9 July 1999, available at: https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=1977 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Criminal Code of the Republic of Ukraine, No. 2314-III, 1 September 2001, Art. 6, available at: https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/ukr/2001/criminal-code-of-the-republic-of-ukraineen_html/Ukraine_Criminal_Code_as_of_2010_EN.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Criminal Division of the Tribunal of Solomiansk, Judgment of 25 August 2022, No. 760/10742/22, available at: www./reyestr.court.gov.ua (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Dannenbaum T., What International Humanitarian Law Says About the Nova Kakhovka Dam, Lawfare, 12 June 2023, available at: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-destructionof-the-nova-kakhovka-dam-and-the-heightened-protections-of-additional-protocol-i (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Decision on the confrmation of charges to ICC, The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red, 16 December 2011, para. 94.
• Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC-01/05-01/08-424, 15 June 2009.
• Declaration No. 145-VIII, Hague, 8 September 2014, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/fles/iccdocs/other/Ukraine_Art_12-3_declaration_08092015.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Declaration No. 61219/35-673-984, Hague, 9 April 2014, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/997/declarationRecognitionJuristiction09-04-2014.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Dinstein Y., The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2016.
• Downstream Impact: Analysing the Environmental Consequences of the Kakhovka Dam Collapse, Conflict and Environment Observatory, 28 July 2023, available at: https://ceobs.org/analysing-the-environmentalconsequences-of-the-kakhovka-dam-collapse/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts, available at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/8_7_2022.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Drumbl M., Waging War Against the World: The Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes, 22 Fordham International Law Journal 122 (1998), pp. 122–153.
• Ecocide in Ukraine Won’t Go Unpunished. United for Justice. United for Nature, EUAM-Ukraine, Washington: 2023, available at: https://shorturl.at/pswHV (accessed 30 August 2024).
• EcoZagroza, available at: https://ecozagroza.gov.ua/en (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Elements of Crimes, International Criminal Court, Hague: 2013, Art. 6(c), footnote 4, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/fles/Publications/Elements-of-Crimes.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• European Parliament resolution of 15 June 2023 on the sustainable reconstruction and integration of Ukraine into the Euro-Atlantic community, 2023/2739(RSP).
• Falk R.A., Environmental Warfare and Ecocide – Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals, 4(1) Bulletin of Peace Proposals 80 (1973), pp. 80–96.
• Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, available at: https://www.icty.org/en/press/fnal-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Flood Rescuers Press On in Southern Ukraine After Dam Disaster, The New York Times, 7 July 2023, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/07/world/russia-ukraine-news (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Fraňková R., Czech Police Investigating Possible War Crimes in Ukraine, Radio Prague International, 20 April 2022, available at: https://english.radio.cz/czech-police-investigating-possible-warcrimes-ukraine-8748207 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Gavrysh K., Tribunale internazionale speciale sul crimine di aggressione contro l’Ucraina: prospettive e criticità, 1 Rivista di diritto internazionale 209 (2024), pp. 209–216.
• Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950), 75 UNTS 31.
• Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea (adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950), 75 UNTS 85.
• Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950), 75 UNTS 287.
• Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950), 75 UNTS 135.
• Gessen M., The Prosecution of Russian War Crimes in Ukraine, The New Yorker, 1 August 2022, available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/08/the-prosecution-of-russian-war-crimesin-ukraine (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Gigova R., Russia is Accused of “Ecocide” in Ukraine. But What Does That Mean?, CNN World, 3 July 2023, available at: https://t.ly/rA4iH (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Gillett M., Criminalizing Reprisals against the Natural Environment, 105(924) International Review of the Red Cross 1463 (2023), pp. 1463–1496.
• Gillett M., Prosecuting Environmental Harm before the International Criminal Court, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2022.
• Gillett M., The Kakhovka Dam and Ecocide, Verfassungsblog, 3 July 2023, available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/the-kakhovka-dam-and-ecocide/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Gray M.A., The International Crime of Ecocide, 26(2) California Western International Law Journal 215 (1996), pp. 215–271.
• Grechenkova O.Y., Certain Problems of Fighting Ecocide, 8(3) Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 821 (2017), pp. 821–828.
• Guerre en Ukraine: la France ouvre trois nouvelles enquêtes pour «crimes de guerre», Le Soir, 5 April 2022, available at: https://www.lesoir.be/434351/article/2022-04-05/guerre-en-ukraine-la-france-ouvre-trois-nouvelles-enquetespour-crimes-de-guerre (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Gurmendi A., Tracking State Reaction to the Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam, OpinoJuris, 20 June 2023, available at: https://opiniojuris.org/2023/06/20/tracking-state-reactions-to-thedestruction-of-the-kakhovka-dam/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Hanna A.M., Killing Our Home: The Case for Creating an International Crime of Ecocide, 6 Social Justice and Equity Law Journal 2 (2023), pp. 2–41.
• Heller K.J., Lawrence J.C., The Limits of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) of the Rome Statute, the First Ecocentric Environmental War Crime, 20 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 1 (2007), pp. 1–40.
• Hemptinne J. de, Ecocide: An Ambiguous Crime?, EJIL: Talk!, 29 August 2022, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/ecocide-an-ambiguous-crime/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Henckaerts J.-M., Doswald-Beck L., Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2005.
• ICC, The prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04-02/06 A A2, 30 March 2021.
• ICC, The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07-3436-tENG, 7 March 2014.
• International Crimes in Ukraine: an Overview of National Investigation and Judicial Practice, USAID, Kyiv: 2023.
• International Criminal Court Starts Investigation into Destroyed Nova Kakhovka Dam, Kyiv Independent, 12 June 2023, available at: https://kyivindependent.com/international-criminal-court-startsinvestigation-into-destroyed-nova-kakhovka-dam-2/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Jain A., Soni C., Ecocide: A New International Crime, 2(2) Jus Corpus Law Journal 627 (2021), pp. 627–634.
• Joubert S., Can Crimes of Ecocide Committed during the Conflict in Ukraine Be Legally Punished?, 28 Law & World 108 (2023), pp. 108–119.
• June 2021: historic moment as Independent Expert Panel launches defnition of ecocide, Stop Ecocide International, 22 June 2021, available at: https://www.stopecocide.earth/legal-defnition (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Kakhovka Dam: Ukraine Pioneers Prosecution for Ecocide, JusticeInfo.Net, 10 July 2023, available at: https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/119148-kakhovka-dam-ukraine-pioneers-prosecution-ecocide.html (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Kharytonov S.O., Orlovskyi R.S., Kurman T.V., Maslova O.O., Criminal Legal Protection of the Environment: National Realities and International Standards, 32(6) European Energy and Environmental Law Review 283 (2023), pp. 283–292.
• Komarov A., Hathaway O.A., The Best Path for Accountability for the Crime of Aggression Under Ukrainian and International Law: a Treaty Between Ukraine and the UN General Assembly Is the Way to Proceed, Just Security, 11 April 2022, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/81063/the-best-path-for-accountability-for-the-crime-of-aggression-under-ukrainian-and-internationallaw/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Law No. 3909-IX, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3909-IX#Text (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Lawrence J., Negotiating a Treaty on Environmental Modifcation Warfare: The Convention on Environmental Warfare and Its Impact upon Arms Control Negotiations, 32(4) International Organization 975 (1978), pp. 975–991.
• Liao I., Pranav T., The Criminalisation of Ecocide – An Indian Perspective, 7(2) NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies 52 (2022), pp. 52–59.
• Malysheva N., International Environmental Crimes of the Russian Federation on the Territory of Ukraine and the Prospects of Criminal Responsibility for Their Committing, 1 Law Review of Kyiv University of Law 233 (2022), pp. 233–238.
• Maroonian A., Ukraine Symposium – Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam: Disproportionate and Prohibited, Lieber Institute West, 29 June 2023, available at: https://lieber.westpoint.edu/destruction-kakhovka-damdisproportionate-prohibited/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Medvedieva M., Russia’s Military Aggression and Damage to Ukraine’s Environment, 2 Ukrainian Journal of International Law 106 (2022), pp. 106–109.
• Medvedieva M.O., Responsibility for the Environmental Damage Caused During the Armed Conflict Between Ukraine and the Russian Federation: Opportunities in the Algorithm of Protecting National Interests, 139 Actual Problems of International Relations 58 (2019), pp. 58–67.
• Milanovic M., The Destruction of the Nova Kakhovka Dam and International Humanitarian Law: Some Preliminary Thoughts, EJIL: Talk!, 6 June 2023, available at: https://shorturl.at/CFITZ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Morris V., Protection of the Environment in Wartime: The United Nations General Assembly Considers the Need for a New Convention, 27(3) International Lawyer 775 (1993), pp. 775–782.
• Morte G. della, I mandati di arresto della Corte penale internazionale nei confronti del Presidente della Federazione russa e del Commissario per i diritti dei fanciulli, 3 Rivista di diritto internazionale 723 (2023), pp. 723–746.
• Neto D.A.B., Mont’ Alverne T.C.F., Ecocide: Criminalizing Policy of International Environmental Crimes or a Crime Itself, 8(1) Brazilian Journal of Public Policy 209 (2018), pp. 209–226.
• Nuremberg Trial Proceedings vol. 22, 30 September 1946, Art. 517, available at: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/09-30-46.asp (accessed 30 August 2024).
• PACE Resolution of 22 June 2023 on Political consequences of the Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine, No. 2506(2023).
• Pancevski B., Germany Opens Investigation into Suspected Russian War Crimes in Ukraine, The Wall Street Journal, 8 March 2022, available at: https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latestnews-2022-03-08/card/germany-opens-investigation-into-suspected-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine-bNCphaIWE30f2REH8BCi (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Panigaj J., Bernikova E., Ecocide – A New Crime under International Law?, 13(1) Juridical Tribune 5 (2023), pp. 5–20.
• Petit F., Kakhovka Dam: Ukraine Pioneers Prosecution for Ecocide, JusticeInfo.Net, 10 July 2023, available at: https://t.ly/sVmkC (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation, Ofce of the Prosecutor, Hague: 2016.
• Polityuk P., Ukraine Warns over Impact of Kakhovka Dam Collapse on Farmland, Reuters, 7 June 2023, available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-warns-over-impact-kakhovka-damcollapse-farmland-2023-06-07/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Poltronieri Rossetti L., Crimini di guerra ambientali e competenza della Corte penale internazionale: quali prospettive di fronte alla distruzione della diga di Nova Kakhovka?, 4 Rivista di diritto internazionale 1110 (2023), pp. 1110–1119.
• Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I) (adopted 8 June 1977, entered into force 7 December 1978), 1125 UNTS 3.
• Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, UN Environment Programme, Nairobi: 2023, available at: https://shorturl.at/mrAJ9 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Robinson D., Ecocide – Puzzles and Possibilities, 20 Journal of International Criminal Justice 313 (2022), pp. 313–347.
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002), 2187 UNTS 3.
• Russia’s war on Ukraine: High environmental toll, Think Tank European Parliament, 19 July 2023, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2023)751427 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Sabbagh D., Mazhulin A., Borger J., The Disastrous Bursting of Ukraine’s Nova Kakhovka Dam – and the Battle that is to Come, The Guardian, 10 June 2023, available at: https://shorturl.at/mtuE0 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Sandoz Y., Swinarski C., Zimmermann B. (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Geneva: 1987.
• Sarkin J.J., Will the International Criminal Court (ICC) Be Able to Secure the Arrest of Vladimir Putin When He Travels?, 12(1) International Human Rights Law Review 26 (2023), pp. 26–68.
• Schabas W.A., The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2016.
• Shumilo O.M., Prospects of Determining the International Criminal Court Jurisdiction Regarding Ecocide, 5 Current Issues in Domestic Jurisprudence 106 (2021), pp. 106–112.
• Singh D.Yadav, Ecocide: The Missing Convention, 5 International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 445 (2022), pp. 445–458.
• Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov, International Criminal Court, 5 March 2024, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-sergei-ivanovich-kobylash-and (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Situation on Registered Vessels of Comoros, Greece and Cambodia. Article 53(1) Report, Ofce of the Prosecutor, Hague: 2014.
• Stahn C., From “Uniting for Peace” to “Uniting for Justice?”: Reflections on the Power of the UN General Assembly to Create Criminal Tribunals or Make Referrals to the ICC, 55(1) Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 251 (2023), pp. 251–186.
• Statement by Estonia at Security Council Arria-formula Meeting on Ensuring Accountability for Atrocities Committed in Ukraine, Permanent Mission of Estonia to the UN 27 April 2022, available at: https://un.mfa.ee/statement-by-estonia-at-security-council-arria-formula-meeting-on-ensuring-accountability-for-atrocities-committed-in-ukraine/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Statement by Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova, International Criminal Court, 17 March 2023, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-againstpresident-vladimir-putin (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Statement by Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants in the Situation in Ukraine, International Criminal Court, 25 June 2024, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-karim-aakhan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-situation-ukraine-0 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, following the arrest and transfer of a fourth suspect in the Situation of the Central African Republic, International Criminal Court, 18 March 2022, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-following-arrest-and-transferfourth-suspect (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Szpak A., Legal Classifcation of the Armed Conflict in Ukraine in Light of International Humanitarian Law, 58(3) Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 261 (2017), pp. 261–280.
• The Criminal Code of Republic of Kazakhstan, No. 167, 16 July 1997, available at: https://www.warnathgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Kazakhstan-Criminal-Code.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Triffterer O., Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden: 1999.
• Tryzno S.A., Kolodii Y.M., Mykolaivna K.Y., Consequences for the Environment from Russian Aggression in Ukraine, 99 Journal of Eastern European Law 37 (2022), pp. 37–45.
• Ukolova V.O., Ukolova Y.O., The Problem of Ecocide as an Environmental Crime: Ukrainian andInternational Experience, (10) Judicial Scientifc Electronic Journal 353 (2021), pp. 353–356.
• Ukraine and the International Criminal Court sign an agreement on the establishment of a country ofce, International Criminal Court, 23 March 2023, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/ukraine-andinternational-criminal-court-sign-agreement-establishment-country-ofce (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Ukraine Investigates Over 270 War Crimes Against Environment, Rubryka, 28 November 2023, available at: https://t.ly/r8lwL (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Ukraine Probing Over 122,000 Suspected War Crimes, Says Prosecutor, Reuters, 23 February 2024, available at: https://t.ly/1sdJm (accessed 30 August 2024).
• UNGA, Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, 1 January 1976, A/31/27.
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adopted 9 May 1992, entered into force 21 March 1994), 1771 UNTS 107.
• Vancouver Declaration and Resolutions adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, Vancouver.
• Vietnam Criminal Code, No. 100/2015/QH13, 27 November 2015, Art. 278, available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/vn/vn086en.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
• War crimes against the environment of Ukraine, SaveEcoBot, available at: https://www.saveecobot.com/en/features/environmental-crimes (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Waterhause J., Mackintosh T., Ukraine Dam: Dislodged Mines a Major Concern as Residents Flee Kherson, BBC, 8 June 2023, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65835742 (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Weinthal E., Bruch C., Protecting Nuclear Power Plants during War: Implications from Ukraine, 53(4) Environmental Law Reporter 10285 (2023), p. 10285.
• Werle G., Jeßberger F., Principles of International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2020.
• WWF-CEE Statement Regarding Kakhovka Dam Destruction in Ukraine, WWF, 9 June 2023, available at: https://www.wwfcee.org/news/wwf-cee-statement-regarding-kakhovka-dam-destruction-in-ukraine (accessed 30 August 2024).
• Zhou J., Anthony I., Environmental Accountability, Justice and Reconstruction in the Russian War on Ukraine, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 25 January 2023, available at: https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2023/environmental-accountability-justice-and-reconstructionrussian-war-ukraine (accessed 30 August 2024).

Identifiers

DOI

10.24425/pyil.2024.152301

Biblioteka Nauki

56899004