Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2023 | 43 | 175-211

Article title

Russia’s Discourse on Democracy in International Law

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
This article explores Russia’s official discourse on democracy in international law, addressing the following questions: When Russia speaks of democracy in the context of international law, what precisely does it mean and what does it advocate for? What do these discussions truly signify regarding Russia’s understanding and interpretation of democracy in international law? What are the potential consequences of Russia’s interpretation for the discourse on democracy in international law? The central hypothesis of this study suggests that Russia strategically leverages the counter-Western democratic discourse within international law to secure its position as a great power rather than offer a meaningful alternative to the Western “hegemonic” ideas of democracy. This study is novel, as Russia’s discourses on democracy have received little attention in international legal scholarship. It is relevant in light of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which is often framed within the broader context of the struggle between autocracy and democracy. The main analysis is construed around the official discourse of Russia’s high-ranking officials. The research highlights that although Russia’s discourse is directed against the Western liberal “hegemonic” idea of democracy, it does not offer any substantive alternative to it and aligns with the paradigm of realpolitik. Instead, it inadvertently reinforces the fundamental principles of Western liberal democracy.

Year

Volume

43

Pages

175-211

Physical description

Dates

published
2023

Contributors

  • School of Law, University of Tartu, Estonia

References

  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo (Request for Advisory Opinion), Written Statement by the Russian Federation, 16 April 2009, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/fles/caserelated/141/15628.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Adamishin A., Schifter R., Human Rights, Perestroika, and the End of the Cold War, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington 2009.
  • Address at a Meeting with NGO Representatives, President of Russia, 11 June 2001, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/21259 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Address by the President of the Russian Federation, President of Russia, 18 March 2014, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Address by the President of the Russian Federation, President of Russia, 24 February 2022, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Alvarez J., Introducing the Themes, 38 Victoria University Wellington Law Review 159 (2007), pp. 159–174.
  • Ambrosio T., The Russo-American Dispute Over the Invasion of Iraq: International Status and the Role of Positional Goods, 57(8) Europe-Asia Studies 1189 (2005), pp. 1189–1210.
  • An Ideologue’s Exit, The Economist, 11 May 2013, available at: https://www.economist.com/europe/2013/05/11/an-ideologues-exit (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Antonov P.M., Philosophy Behind Human Rights: Valery Zorkin vs. the West, in: L. Mälksoo, W. Benedek (eds.), Russia and the European Court of Human Rights: The Strasbourg Effect, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2018, pp. 150–187.
  • Atwal M., Bacon E., The Youth Movement Nashi: Contentious Politics, Civil Society, and Party Politics, 28(3) East Euro-pean Politics 256 (2012), pp. 256–266.
  • Babij B. (ed.), Demokratija i pravo razvitogo socialisticheskogo obshestva [Democracy and Law in the Developed Socia-list Society], Politizdat Ukrainy, Kyiv: 1979.
  • Bogdandy A., The European Lesson for International Democracy: The Signifcance of Articles 9 to 12 EU Treaty for International Organizations, 23 European Journal of International Law 315 (2012), pp. 315–334.
  • Bowring B., Russia and Human Rights: Incompatible Opposites?, 1 Goettingen Journal of International Law 33 (2009), pp. 33–54.
  • Buchan R., Developing Democracy Through Liberal International Law, 4(2) Cambridge International Law Journal 319 (2015), pp. 319–343.
  • Burawoy M., Transition without Transformation: Russia’s Involutionary Road to Capitalism, 15 East European Politics and Societies 269 (2001), pp. 269–290.
  • Burchill R., Democracy and International Law, Routledge, London: 2006.
  • Carothers T., The Backlash Against Democracy Promotion, 85(2) Foreign Affairs 55 (2006), pp. 55–68.
  • Cerna C., Democratic Legitimacy and Respect for Human Rights: The New Gold Standard, 108 AJIL Unbound 222 (2014), pp. 222–227.
  • Charlesworth H., Democracy and International Law, in: H. Charlesworth, Recueil des Cours 371. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Brill, Leiden: 2014, pp. 43–152.
  • Charter of Paris for a New Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Paris: 1990, available at: https://www.osce.org/mc/39516 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Chernichenko S.V., Teoria mezhdunarodnoga prava [Theory of International Law], NIMP, Moscow: 1999.
  • Chesterman S., Johnstone I., Malone D.M., Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2016.
  • Chimni B.S., International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1993.
  • Clark W., Boxing Russia: Executive-Legislative Powers and the Categorization of Russia’s Regime Type, 19 Demokrati-zatsiya 5 (2010), pp. 5–22.
  • Colton T., Hale H., Putin’s Uneasy Return and Hybrid Regime Stability: The 2012 Russian Election Studies Survey, 61 Problems of Post-Communism 3 (2014), pp. 3–22.
  • Colton T., McFaul M., Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000, Brookings Institution Press, Washington: 2003.
  • Constitution of the Russian Federation, available at: http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm (accessed 30 Au-gust 2024).
  • Cordesman A., Russia and the “Color Revolution”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 28 May 2014, available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-color-revolution (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Crawford J., Democracy in International Law: Inaugural Lecture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1994.
  • Daduani A., Roly Organizatsii Ob’edinyonnykh Natsii v sodeistvii demokratii: mezhdunarodno-pravovye aspekty [The Role of the United Nations in Promoting Democracy: International Legal Aspects], disserCat, available at: https://dissercat.com/content/rolorganizatsii-obedinennykh-natsii-v-sodeistvii-demokratii-mezhdunarodno-pravovye-aspekty (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Dmitry Medvedev Addressed the World Economic Forum in Davos, President of Russia, 26 January 2011, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10163 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Dmitry Medvedev’s Article, Go Russia!, President of Russia, 10 September 2019, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/5413 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Drzewicki K., Eide A., Perestroika and Glasnost – The Changing Profle of the Soviet Union towards International Law and Human Rights, 6 Mennesker og Rettigheter 3 (1988), p. 3.
  • ECtHR, Aleksey Anatolyevich Navalnyy v. Russia (App. No. 36418/20), 21 August 2020.
  • ECtHR, Estemirova v. Russia (App. No. 42705/11), 31 August 2021.
  • ECtHR, OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya YUKOS v. Russia (App. No. 14902/04), 20 September 2011.
  • Epifanova A., Deciphering Russia’s “Sovereign Internet Law”: Tightening Control and Accelerating the Splinternet, Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e.V, Berlin: 2020, available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-66221-8 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Fabry M., The Right to Democracy in International Law: A Classical Liberal Reassessment, 37(3) Millennium 721 (2009), pp. 721–741.
  • Fahner J., Revisiting the Human Right to Democracy: A Positivist Analysis, 21 The International Journal of Human Rights 321 (2017), pp. 321–341.
  • Federal’nyi Zakon ot 11 dekabria 2004 g. No. 159-FZ “O vnesenii izmenenii v Federal’nyi Zakon ‘Ob obshchikh print-sipakh organizatsii zakonodatel’nykh (predstavitel’nykh) i isplonitel’nykh organov gosuderstvennoi vlasti sub’’ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii’ i v Federal’nyi Zakon ‘Ob osnovnykh garantiyakh izbiratel’nykh prav i prava na uchastie v referen-dume grazhdan Rossiiskoi Federatsii’” [Federal Law of 11 December 2004, No. 159-FZ “On amendments to the Federal Law ‘On the general principles of organization of the legislative (representative) and executive organs of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation’ and to the Federal Law ‘On the basic guarantees of electoral rights and the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to participate in a referendum’”].
  • Federal’nyy zakon No. 135-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v stat’yu 5 Federal’nogo zakona ‘O zashchite detey ot informatsii, prichinyayushchey vred ikh zdorov’yu i razvitiyu’ i otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v tselyakh zashchity detey ot informatsii, propagandiruyushchey otritsanie traditsionnykh semeynykh tsennostey” [Federal Law, No. 135-FZ “On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development’ and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Order to Protect Children from Information Promoting the Denial of Traditional Family Valu-es”].
  • Federal’nyy zakon ot 21 iyulya 2014 g. No. 242-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v chasti utochneniya poryadka obrabotki personal’nykh dannykh v informatsionno-telekommunikatsionnykh setyakh” [Federal Law of 21 July 2014, No. 242-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federa-tion Regarding Clarifcation of the Procedure for Processing Personal Data in Information and Telecommunications Ne-tworks”].
  • Federal’nyy zakon ot 25 iyulya 2002 g. No. 114-FZ “O protivodeystvii ekstremistskoy deyatel’nosti” (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [Federal Law of 25 July 2002, No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activity”].
  • Federal’nyy zakon ot 8 iyunya 2012 g. No. 65-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ob administra-tivnykh pravonarusheniyakh i Federal’nyy zakon ‘O sobraniyakh, mitingakh, demonstratsiyakh, shestviyakh i piketi-rovaniyakh’” [Federal Law of 8 June 2012, No. 65-FZ “On Amendments to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ‘On Assemblies, Rallies, Demonstrations, Marches, and Picketing’”].
  • Federalny zakon ot 20 iyulya 2012 g. No. 121-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii v chasti regulirovaniya deyatel’nosti nekommercheskikh organizatsiy, vypolnyayushchikh funktsii inostranno-go agenta” [Federal Law of 20 July 2012, No. 121-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federa-tion Regarding the Regulation of NonProft Organizations Performing the Functions of a Foreign Agent”].
  • Fox G., Democracy, Right to, International Protection, in: A. Peters (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2008, pp. 16–17.
  • Fox G., Roth B. (eds.), Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2000.
  • Fox G., Roth B., Introduction: The Spread of Liberal Democracy and Its Implications for International Law, in: G. Fox, B. Roth (eds.), Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2000, pp. 1–22.
  • Franck T., The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance, 86 The American Journal of International Law 46 (1992), pp. 46–91.
  • From an Interview with the Canadian CBC and CTV Channels, the Globe and Mail Newspaper and the Russian RTR Television, President of Russia, 14 December 2000, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/21139 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • From an Interview with the Polish Newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza and the Polish TVP Channel, President of Russia, 15 January 2002, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/21471 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Fukuyama F., The End of History?, 16 The National Interest 3 (1989), pp. 3–18.
  • Gargarella R., Democracy’s Demands, 112 American Journal of International Law 73 (2018), pp. 73–78.
  • Gathii J., TWAIL: A Brief History of Its Origins, Its Decentralized Network, and a Tentative Bibliography, 3(1) Trade Law and Development 26 (2011), pp. 26–64.
  • Geldenhuys D., Deviant Conduct in World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York: 2004.
  • Ginsburg T., Democracies and International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2021.
  • Gorokhovskaia Y., Shahbaz A., Slipowitz A., Marking 50 Years in the Struggle for Democracy, at Freedom House, availa-ble at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2023/marking-50-years (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Hassner P., Russia’s Transition to Autocracy, 19(2) Journal of Democracy 5 (2008), pp. 5–15.
  • Held D., Democracy and Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Stanford University Press, Stanford: 1995.
  • Henderson S.L., Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia, Cornell University Press, New York: 2018.
  • Hoffmann-Riem W., The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe – Standards and Impact, 25(2) European Journal of International Law 579 (2014), pp. 579–597.
  • ICJ, Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukra-ine v. Russian Federation), Application, 26 February 2022, ICJ Rep 2022, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/fles/case-related/182/182-20220227-APP-01-00-EN.pdf (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into Force, 23 March 1976), 1966 UNTS 999.
  • Interview to German newspaper Bild. Part 2, President of Russia, 12 January 2016, available at: https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Interview to The New York Times, Novo-Ogaryovo, President of Russia, 4 October 2003, available at: https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22145 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Interview with Journalists from the G8 Countries, President of Russia, 3 July 2008, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/48259 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Interview with the French weekly Paris-Match, President of Russia, 6 July 2000, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24166 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Interview with the Newspaper Welt am Sonntag (Germany), President of Russia, 11 June 2000, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24202 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development, President of Russia, 10 April 2023, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Kahn J., The Origins of Russian Membership in the Council of Europe and the Seeds of Russia’s Expulsion, 14(1) Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law 2 (2024), pp. 2–38.
  • Karliuk M., The Eurasian Economic Union: An EU-Inspired Legal Order and Its Limits, 42 Review of Central and East European Law 50 (2017), pp. 50–72.
  • Kartashkin V.A., Prava Cheloveka i Printsip Demokratii [Human Rights and the Principle of Democracy], Sovremennoe Pravo 113 (2017), pp. 113–118.
  • Katsuba S., Russia’s “Gay Propaganda Law” and Anti-LGBTQ Violence, 300 Russian Analytical Digest 5 (2023), pp. 5–8.
  • Kerimov D., Mal’cev G., Nedavnij A. (eds.), Demokratiya i Pravo v Razvitom Socialisticheskom Obshestve [Democracy and Law in Developed Socialist Society], Mysl, Moscow: 1975.
  • Kicker R., The Council of Europe: Pioneer and Guarantor for Human Rights and Democracy, Council of Europe Publis-hing, Strasbourg: 2010.
  • Klein L.R., Pomer M.I., The New Russia: Transition Gone Awry, Stanford University Press, Stanford: 2001.
  • Koroteev K., Non-Execution of Strasbourg Judgments Against Russia: The Case for a Trust Fund, 9(1) Russian Politics 121 (2024), pp. 121–134.
  • Kozhevnikov K., Demokratiya i mezhdunarodnoe pravo: illuziya ili real’nost’? [Democracy and International Law: Illusion or Reality?], Izdatelstvo Yurist, Moscow: 2014.
  • Kravchenko M., Russian Anti-Extremism Legislation and Internet Censorship, 46(2) The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 158 (2019), pp. 158–186.
  • Kriener F., Brassat L., Quashing Protests Abroad: The CSTO’s Intervention in Kazakhstan, 10(2) Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 271 (2023), pp. 271–298.
  • Kumar R., “Putin’s Legacy and the State of Democracy in Russia”, 45(2) International Studies 89 (2008), pp. 89–103.
  • Kuz’min E., Demokratija i Konstitucii dvuh Mirov [Democracy and Constitutions of Two Worlds], Mezhdunorodnye otnotnenija, Moscow: 1981.
  • Kuz’min E., Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo i Demokratiya [International law and Democracy], in: A Ispolinova, A Batalova (eds.), Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnoprakticheskaya konferentsiya ‘Tunkinskie chteniya’ (sbornik dokladov i statey), Zertsa-lo-M, Moscow: 2011.
  • Lagutina M., Eurasian Economic Union Foundation: Issues of Global Regionalization, 5 Eurasia Border Review 95 (2014), pp. 95–111.
  • Lavrov S., Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s greetings to the participants of the 13th Annual Session of the World Pu-blic Forum “Dialogue of Civilizations”, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 9 October 2015, avai-lable at: https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1516524/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Lavrov S., Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s statement at the General Debate at the 78th session of the UN General Assembly, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 23 September 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/zvynax33 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Lavrov S., Speech by Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov at the Third Summit of the Council of Europe, 16 May 2005, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 16 May 2005, available at: https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1592880/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Lavrov says the term “ democracy” in present world has lost its value, TASS, 27 December 2021, available at: https://tass.com/politics/1381537 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Libman A., Obydenkova A., Regional International Organizations as a Strategy of Autocracy: The Eurasian Economic Union and Russian Foreign Policy, 94 International Affairs 1037 (2018), pp. 1037–1058.
  • Lieblich E., Whataboutism in International Law, 65(2) Harvard International Law Journal 343 (2024), pp. 343–386.
  • Lukin A., China and Russia: The New Rapprochement, Polity Press, Cambridge: 2018.
  • Macdonald E., International Law, Democratic Governance and September the 11th, 3(9) German Law Journal 1 (2002), pp. 1–10.
  • Madsen M., From Boom to Backlash? The European Court of Human Rights and the Transformation of Europe, in: H. Aust, D. Esra (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights: Current Challenges in Historical and Comparative Perspec-tive, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham: 2021, pp. 21–42.
  • Main Points of the Address by the Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation S. Lavrov at the Stanford University, San Francisco, 20 September 2005, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 24 September 2005, available at: https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1636124/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Makarychev A., Russia and ‘International Democracy’: Unlocking the Concept, in: V. Morozov (ed.), Decentring the West: The Idea of Democracy and the Struggle for Hegemony, Routledge, London: 2013, pp. 45–63.
  • Malcomson M., “So Whose Agents Are We?” Defning (International) Human Rights in the Shadow of the “Foreign Agents” Law in Russia, 7 Birkbeck Law Review 122 (2020), pp. 122–153.
  • Malfliet K., Parmentier S. (eds.), Russia and the Council of Europe: 10 Years After, Palgrave Macmillan, London: 2010.
  • Malkova P., Kudinova O., Exploring the Interplay Between Freedom of Assembly and Freedom of Expression: Then Case of Russian Solo Pickets, 38(3) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 191 (2020), pp. 191–205.
  • Mälksoo L., Benedek W. (eds.), Russia and the European Court of Human Rights: The Strasbourg Effect, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2017.
  • Mälksoo L., Concluding Observations. Russia and European Human-Rights Law: Margins of the Margin of Apprecia-tion, in: L. Mälksoo (ed.), Russia and European Human-Rights Law – The Rise of the Civilizational Argument, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden: 2014, pp. 217–227.
  • Mälksoo L., International Law and the 2020 Amendments to the Russian Constitution, 115 American Journal of Interna-tional Law 78 (2021), pp. 78–93.
  • Mälksoo L., Markin v. Russia. Application No. 30078/06, ECtHR, 106(4) American Journal of International Law 836 (2012), pp. 836–842.
  • Malksoo L., Russian Approaches to International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2015.
  • Mälksoo L., The Controversy Over Human Rights, UN Covenants, and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 61 Japanese Yearbook of International Law 260 (2018), pp. 260-283.
  • Malle S., Russia and China in the 21st Century: Moving towards Cooperative Behaviour, 8 Journal of Eurasian Studies 136 (2017), pp. 136–150.
  • Marks S., What Has Become of the Emerging Right to Democratic Governance?, 22 European Journal of International Law 507 (2011), pp. 507–524.
  • Marochkin S., The Operation of International Law in the Russian Legal System, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden: 2019.
  • McFaul M., Russia’s Road to Autocracy, 32 Journal of Democracy 11 (2021), pp. 11–26.
  • Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club, President of Russia, 19 September 2013, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19243 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Meeting with Leading Russian and Foreign Political Analysts, President of Russia, 10 September 2010, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/8882 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Morozov V., Russia’s Postcolonial Identity: A Subaltern Empire in a Eurocentric World, Palgrave Macmillan, London: 2015.
  • Morris P.S., “Sovereign Democracy” and International Law: Legitimation and Legal Ideology, in P.S. Morris (ed.), Rus-sian Discourses on International Law Sociological and Philosophical Phenomenon, Routledge, Abingdon: 2018, pp. 100–129.
  • Myagkov M., Ordeshook P., Russian Elections: An Oxymoron of Democracy, National Council for Eurasian and East European Research Seattle, Washington: 2008.
  • NATO-Russia relations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, February 2022, available at: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/2/pdf/220214-factsheet_NATORussia_Relations_e.pdf (acces-sed 30 August 2024).
  • Nelaeva G., Khabarova E.A., Sidorova N., Russia’s Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the “Backlash”, 21(1) Human Rights Review 93 (2020), pp. 93–112.
  • Nußberger A., Miklasová J., Council of Europe as the Guardian of Democracy: The Venice Commission, in: D.E. Khan, E. Lagrange, S. Oeter, Ch. Walter, Democracy and Sovereignty, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden: 2022, pp. 269–288.
  • Obrashhenie Prezidenta Rossii k glavam gosudarstv – chlenov Evrazijskogo jekonomicheskogo sojuza [Address by the President of Russia to the heads of state – members of the Eurasian Economic Union], President of Russia, 18 January 2018, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56663 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Opinion No. 321/2004, CDL-AD(2004)042-e, 6 December 2004.
  • Opinion No. 657/2011, CDL-AD(2012)002, 19 March 2012.
  • Opinion No. 658/2011, CDLAD(2012)003, 20 March 2012.
  • Opinion No. 661/2011, CDL-AD(2012)015, 20 June 2012.
  • Patalakh A., Economic or Geopolitical? Explaining the Motives and Expectations of the Eurasian Economic Union’s Member States, 11 Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 31 (2018), pp. 31–48.
  • Pavel C., Law Beyond the State: Dynamic Coordination, State Consent and Binding International Law, Oxford Universi-ty Press, New York: 2021.
  • Pavlova E., The Regional and the Universal: The New Democratic Discourses in the Russian Federation and Latin Ame-rica, in: V. Morozov (ed.), Decentring the West: The Idea of Democracy and the Struggle for Hegemony, Routledge, Lon-don: 2016, pp. 85–100.
  • Pending applications allocated to a judicial formation, European Court of Human Rights, available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Stats_pending_month_2023_BIL.PDF (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Petaux J., Democracy and Human Rights for Europe: The Council of Europe’s Contribution, Council of Europe Publis-hing, Strasbourg: 2009.
  • Pieper M.. Russkiy Mir: The Geopolitics of Russian Compatriots Abroad, 25(3) Geopolitics 756 (2020), pp. 756–779.
  • Pogge T.W., Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty, 103(1) Ethics 48 (1992), pp. 48–75.
  • Poghosyan S., Russian Approaches to the Right to Peoples to Self-Determination: From the 1966 United Nations Cove-nants to Crimea, 30 Juridica International 183 (2021), pp. 183–193.
  • Poghosyan S., The Idea of Democracy in International Law in Europe, in: A. van Aaken, P. d’Argent, L. Mälksoo, J.J. Vasel, (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2023, available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198865315.013.9.
  • Poghosyan S., The Soviet View on Democracy in International Law, 21(1) Baltic Yearbook of International Law 182 (2024), pp. 182–209.
  • Press Statement and Answers to Journalists’ Questions Following a Meeting of the Russia-NATO Council, President of Russia, 4 April 2008, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24903 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Press statements by President of Russia and President of China, President of Russia, 21 March 2023, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70750 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Putin V., Inauguratsionnaya rech’ Vladimira Putina 7 maya 2000 goda [Inaugural speech of Vladimir Putin on 7 May 2000], Moscow Daily News, 7 May 2000, available at: https://www.mn.ru/blogs/blog_reference/80928 (accessed 30 Au-gust 2024).
  • Putin V., Interview with ZDF Television Channel (Germany), President of Russia, 13 July 2006, available at: https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23703 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Putin V., The Way Democracy is Established and Consolidated Should Not Compromise the Concept of Democracy Itself, 24 February 2005, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/32852 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Remarks by President Biden on Supporting Ukraine, Defending Democratic Values, and Taking Action to Address Glo-bal Challenges, The White House, 12 July 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/342kv4n9 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Report by Mr Alvaro Gil-Robles, Commissioner for Human Rights, on his visit to the Russian Federation, 15 to 30 July 2004, 19 to 29 September 2004, 20 April 2005, CommDH(2005)2, available at: https://rm.coe.int/16806db7be (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Resolution 1674 (2006), 28 April 2006, S/RES/1674 (2006).
  • Resolution 1706 (2006), 31 August 2006, S/RES/1706 (2006).
  • Resolution 1970 (2011), 26 February 2011, S/RES/1970 (2011).
  • Resolution 1975 (2011), 30 March 2011, S/RES/1975 (2011).
  • Resolution 1996 (2011), 8 July 2011, S/RES/1996 (2011).
  • Resolution 2014 (2011), 21 October 2011, S/RES/2014 (2011).
  • Resolution 2121 (2013), 10 October 2013, S/RES/2121 (2013).
  • Resolution.1973 (2011), 17 March 2011, S/RES/1973 (2011).
  • Roberts S., The Eurasian Economic Union: The Geopolitics of Authoritarian Cooperation, 58 Eurasian Geography and Economics 418 (2017), pp. 418–441.
  • Rubinson E., Flexible Democratic Conditionality? The Role of Democracy and Human Rights Adherence in NATO En-largement Decisions, 24(3) Journal of International Relations and Development 696 (2021), pp. 696–725.
  • Russia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report, Freedom House, available at: https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2023 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Sadurski W., Partnering with Strasbourg: Constitutionalisation of the European Court of Human Rights, the Accession of Central and East European States to the Council of Europe, and the Idea of Pilot Judgments, 9 Human Rights Law Review 397 (2009), pp. 397–453.
  • Sakhariyev S., Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), in: S. Sayapin, R. Atadjanov, U. Kadam, G. Kemp, N. Zambrana-Tévar, N. Quénivet (eds.), International Conflict and Security Law, TMC Asser Press, Hague: 2022, pp. 609–618.
  • Salenko A., Evolution of the Public Assembly Law in Russia, 2(30) Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research, 106 (2022), pp. 106–128.
  • Security Council, Security Council Holds Third Emergency Meeting as South Ossetia Conflict Intensifes, Expands to Other Parts of Georgia, Press release, 10 August 2008, available at: https://press.un.org/en/2008/sc9419.doc.htm (acces-sed 30 August 2024).
  • Seddon M., Vladimir Putin Vows to Stop “Colour Revolutions” after Sending Troops to Kazakhstan, Financial Times, 10 January 2022, available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ee9005ee-7269-4081-801a-61011b233e78 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy, President of Russia, 10 February 2007, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Speech at an International Conference of the Association of Election Organisers in Central and Eastern Europe, Presi-dent of Russia, 26 September 2002, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/21731 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S. V. Lavrov at the International Parliamentary Forum “Modern Parliamentary and the Future of Democracy”, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 10 December 2012, available at: https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1654581/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Statute of the Council of Europe of 5 May 1949.
  • Surkov V., My stroim suverennuyu demokratiyu [We are building a sovereign democracy], RGRU, 29 June 2006, available at: https://rg.ru/2006/06/29/kreml.html (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Suslov M., “Russian World” Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of “Spheres of Influence”, 23(2) Geopolitics 330 (2018), pp. 330–353.
  • The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (approved by Dmitry A Medvedev, President of the Russian Federa-tion, 12 July 2008), available at: https://www.mid.ru/ns-osndoc.nsf/0e9272befa34209743256c630042dlaa/cef9556065/ (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • The Russian Federation is Excluded from the Council of Europe, Council of Europe, 16 March 2022, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-ofeurope (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Transcript of Annual Big Press Conference, President of Russia, 14 February 2008, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24835 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Transcript of Meeting with Participants in the Third Meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club, President of Russia, 9 Sep-tember 2006, available at: https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23789 (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.
  • Trochev A., Anti-Extremism Legislation in Putin’s Russia, 54(5–6) Statutes & Decisions 153 (2020), p. 153.
  • UN Commission on Human Rights, Promotion of the Right to Democracy, 27 April 1999, E/CN.4/RES/1999/57.
  • UNGA resolution of 16 December 2020, Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Doc. A/RES/75/178.
  • UNGA resolution of 24 October 2005, 2005 World Summit Outcome, Doc. A/RES/60/1.
  • UNHRC, Resolution: Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, A/HRC/RES/18/6, 13 October 2011.
  • United around our values, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg: 2023, available at: https://rm.coe.int/4th-summit-of-heads-of-state-and-government-of-the-council-of-europe/1680ab40c1 (accessed 4 June 2024).
  • United Nations, Resolution on Promotion of Democracy adopted by Human Rights Commission, Press Release, 28 April 1999, available at: https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990428.hrcn937.html (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Paris, 10 December 1948.
  • V. Putin napisal stat’ ju o perspektivah sozdanija Evrazijskogo sojuza [V. Putin wrote an article on the prospects of creating the Eurasian Union], RBK, 3 October 2011, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/03/10/2011/5703ecf29a79477633d3871b (accessed 30 August 2024).
  • Vinokurov E., Eurasian Economic Union: Current State and Preliminary Results, 3 Russian Journal of Economics 54 (2017), pp. 54–70.
  • Wheatley S., The Democratic Legitimacy of International Law, Bloomsbury Publishing, Oxford: 2010.
  • Ziegler C., Russia on the Rebound: Using and Misusing the Responsibility to Protect, 30(3) International Relations 346 (2016), pp. 346–361.
  • Zolo D., A Cosmopolitan Philosophy of International Law? A Realist Approach, 12(4) Ratio Juris 429 (1999), pp. 429–444.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
56084810

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_24425_pyil_2024_152298
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.