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1

The participation of oleic acid and its esters in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions: a mini-review

Dresler Ewa

Scientiae Radices

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2024

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

53--61

EN

This mini review presents the state of knowledge on the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions involving fatty acids and their esters with triatomic components (TAC). In general, the literature reports are quite sparse and relatively old. The reaction yield was in the range of 12-85%. The best result of 32CA was obtained from the reaction of butylonitrile N-oxide (4) and methyl oleate (2). Other tested TAC as components of title reactions were nitrylimines and ozone.

2

Synthesis, characterization, and molecular modeling of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of mefenamic acid

Bhat Mashooq A., Naglah Ahmed M., Bakheit Ahmed Hassan, Al-Omar Mohamad A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 1

102--112

EN

A novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of mefenamic acid was obtained by reacting hydrazones of mefenamic acid with anhydrous acetic anhydride. The mefenamic hydrazones were obtained by reacting different substituted aldehydes with mefenamic acid hydrazide. All the compounds were characterized by spectral data and elemental analysis. Molecular docking studies of all the compounds were performed against COX-1/COX-2 enzymes. Compound 4 and compound 10 were found to have the highest potential to bind with COX-1 while compound 3, compound 6, and compound 10 were found to have the highest potential to bind with COX-2 enzyme.

3

Local irregularity conjecture for 2-multigraphs versus cacti

Grzelec Igor, Woźniak Mariusz

Opuscula Mathematica

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2024

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Vol. 44, no. 1

49--65

EN

A multigraph is locally irregular if the degrees of the end-vertices of every multiedge are distinct. The locally irregular coloring is an edge coloring of a multigraph G such that every color induces a locally irregular submultigraph of G. A locally irregular colorable multigraph G is any multigraph which admits a locally irregular coloring. We denote by lir(G) the locally irregular chromatic index of a multigraph G, which is the smallest number of colors required in the locally irregular coloring of the locally irregular colorable multigraph G. In case of graphs the definitions are similar. The Local Irregularity Conjecture for 2-multigraphs claims that for every connected graph G, which is not isomorphic to K2, multigraph 2G obtained from G by doubling each edge satisfies lir(2G) ≤ 2. We show this conjecture for cacti. This class of graphs is important for the Local Irregularity Conjecture for 2-multigraphs and the Local Irregularity Conjecture which claims that every locally irregular colorable graph G satisfies lir(G) ≤ 3. At the beginning it has been observed that all not locally irregular colorable graphs are cacti. Recently it has been proved that there is only one cactus which requires 4 colors for a locally irregular coloring and therefore the Local Irregularity Conjecture was disproved.

4

No evidence of the long-term in vitro toxicity of Aeroxide P25 TiO2 nanoparticles in three mammalian cell lines despite the initial reduction of cellular mitochondrial activity

Męczyńska-Wielgosz Sylwia, Bartłomiejczyk Teresa, Grądzka Iwona, Sommer Sylwester, Węgierek-Ciuk Aneta, Lankoff Anna, Sikorska Katarzyna, Wojewódzka Maria, Dobrzyńska Małgorzata, Kruszewski Marcin

Nukleonika

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2024

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Vol. 69, No. 1

13--22

EN

We studied the effects of Aeroxide P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) with a diameter of 21 nm on induction of DNA damage and long-term survival of three human cell lines: hepatocellular liver carcinoma HepG2, colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 and lung carcinoma A549. The endpoints examined were DNA breakage estimated by the comet assay and oxidative base damage recognized by formamide-pyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) estimated with the FPG+ comet assay, frequencies of histone H2AX foci and micronuclei, apoptosis, cell metabolic activity measured by mitochondrial activity (MTT) assay and long-term survival measured by colony-forming ability. Each cell line had a different pattern of DNA breakage and base damage vs. nanoparticle (NP) concentration and treatment time. There was no increase in the frequencies of histone H2AX foci and micronuclei as compared to those in the untreated cells. In parallel with these results, no induction of apoptosis has been found in none of the cell lines tested. The reported experiments provided no evidence of the long-term in vitro toxicity of Aeroxide P25 TiO2 NPs, despite a slight decrease in mitochondrial activity and cell survival during the first 72 h.

5

Zależność pomiędzy przyrostem wytrzymałości na ściskanie i granicznymi naprężeniami przyczepności w okresie dojrzewania betonu - weryfikacja założeń EC2

Śliwka Andrzej, Wieczorek Barbara, Wieczorek Mirosław

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 3

6--12

PL

Podjęto badania w celu weryfikacji określania granicznych naprężeń przyczepności na podstawie chwilowej wytrzymałości betonu na ściskanie w okresie jego dojrzewania. Przedstawiono wyniki badań przyczepności prętów gładkich do betonu, które wskazują na rozwój przyczepności w okresie dojrzewania betonu proporcjonalny do rozwoju wytrzymałości na ściskanie. Porównano wyniki badań z wynikami obliczeń z wykorzystaniem wzorów empirycznych przedstawionych w EC2.

EN

Research was undertaken to verify the possibility of determining the limit stresses of adhesion on the basis of the instantaneous compressive strength of concrete during the maturation period. The results of tests on the adhesion of smooth bars to concrete are presented. Research indicates that the development of adhesion during the concrete maturation period is proportional to the development of compressive strength. The test results were compared with the results of calculations using the empirical formulas presented in EC2.

6

Implementation of language models within an infrastructure designed for Natural Language Processing

Walkowiak Bartosz, Walkowiak Tomasz

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 1

153--159

EN

This paper explores cost-effective alternatives for resource-constrained environments in the context of language models by investigating methods such as quantization and CPUbased model implementations. The study addresses the computational efficiency of language models during inference and the development of infrastructure for text document processing. The paper discusses related technologies, the CLARIN-PL infrastructure architecture, and implementations of small and large language models. The emphasis is on model formats, data precision, and runtime environments (GPU and CPU). It identifies optimal solutions through extensive experimentation. In addition, the paper advocates for a more comprehensive performance evaluation approach. Instead of reporting only average token throughput, it suggests considering the curve’s shape, which can vary from constant to monotonically increasing or decreasing functions. Evaluating token throughput at various curve points, especially for different output token counts, provides a more informative perspective.

7

Comparison of power consumption in pipelined implementations of the BLAKE3 cipher in FPGA devices

Sugier Jarosław

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 1

23--30

EN

This article analyzes the dynamic power losses generated by various hardware implementations of the BLAKE3 hash function. Estimations of the parameters were based on the results of post-route simulations of designs implemented in Xilinx Spartan-7 FPGAs. The algorithm was tested in various hardware organizations: based on a standard iterative architecture with one round instance in the programmable array, various derived versions with pipeline processing were elaborated, which ultimately led to a set of 6 architectural variants of the cipher, from the iterative case (without pipeline) to one with maximum of 6 pipeline stages. Moreover, the results obtained for the iterative architecture were compared with analogous implementations of the BLAKE2 (direct predecessor) and KECCAK (the foundation of the current SHA-3 standard) algorithms. This case study illustrates the differences (or lack thereof) in the power requirements of these three hash functions when they are implemented on an FPGA platform, and illustrate the significant savings that can be achieved by introducing pipeline to the processing of the BLAKE round.

8

The Analysis of Support Systems of Underground Stormwater Basin Using a Multi-Criteria Analysis and Modeling

Mariame Bouchaqour, Ouadif Latifa, Bahi Lahcen

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

101--114

EN

This paper illustrates the importance of integrating buried stormwater ponds into underground development plans using a multi-criteria analysis and modeling for the selection of support in urban underground constructions, applied to the case study of buried stormwater ponds. This study underlines the importance of careful planning and the use of the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) in the selection of support for underground stormwater basins in urban environments. The TOPSIS method led to the selection of diaphragm walls as the optimum solution, illustrating its effectiveness in evaluating alternatives based on a variety of criteria. diaphragm wall modeling using robot structural analysis (RSA) software validated this choice and accurately predicted the structure’s behavior, underlining the importance of numerical tools in engineering decision-making. The analysis of wall displacements, carried out using these tools, confirmed their compliance with standards, validating the choice of cast walls and highlighting the need for continuous monitoring to guarantee the stability of the structures.

9

Estimation of Chlorophyll-a, TSM and salinity in mangrove dominated tropical estuarine areas of Hooghly River, North East Coast of Bay of Bengal, India using sentinel-3 data

Mondal Ismail, De Aakash, Nandi Subhanil, Thakur Sandeep, Raman Mini, Jose Felix, De Tarun Kumar

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 1

303--322

EN

The study aims to assess variations in spatio-temporal characteristics of water quality parameters from three tropical estuaries, namely Muri-Ganga, Saptamukhi, and Hooghly, in the western portion of the Indian Sundarbans. Reliable retrieval of near-surface concentration of water quality parameters such as Chlorophyll-a, SST & TSM from diverse aquatic ecosystems with broad ranges of tropical requirements has always remained a complex issue. In this study, application of Case 2 Regional Colour Correction (C2RCC) processor has been tested for its accuracy across different bio-optical regimes in both inland and coastal waters. Satellite images for the same period were also collected and analysed using the C2RCC processing sequence to retrieve parameters like the depth of water, surface reflectance, water temperature, inherent optical properties (IOPs), chlorophyll-a, salinity, total suspended matter (TSM), etc., using the SNAP software. In situ sampling from specific locations within these estuaries and water quality analysis were conducted for the period 2017-2019. The OLCI retrieved datasets were compared and corroborated with field survey datasets. It was observed that the highest amount of TSM was recorded at Diamond Harbour during the 2018 pre-monsoon season (301.40 mg/L field-based value and 308.54 mg/L estimated value). Similarly, chlorophyll-a had higher concentrations throughout the monsoon season (3.03 mg m-3, (field survey), and 2.96 mg m-3, (estimated) at Fraserganj and Sagar south points. A very good correlation was observed for all seasons for Chl-a (r = 0.829) and TSM (r = 0.924) between the OLCI data and in situ measurements. Higher correlation and significant ‘r’ values highlight the importance of having both field-based as well as remotely-sensed information in understanding any dynamic system in a sustained manner. Results also confirm that the water quality model using OLCI Chl-a and TSM products outperforms conventional techniques. The study demonstrates the efficacy of using Sentinel 3 OCLI data for shallow marine and estuarine remote sensing applications, especially for monitoring TSM and Chl-a concentrations.

10

Determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in the liver and heart tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats after intragastric administration of extractive of leaves of F. virens var. sublanceolata by HPLC

Xiang Yujie, Chuahe Bahetibieke, Zhang Jing, Li Jiansha, Jiang Xinhui

Acta Chromatographica

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2024

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Vol. 36, no. 1

1--6

EN

The study was aimed to validate and optimize high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3A) in the heart and liver issue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after intragastric administration of extractive of leaves of Ficus virens var sublanceolata. And simple ADME and target prediction analyses were performed for C3A. Ethyl acetate was employed to precipitate protein with appropriate sensitivity and acceptable matrix effects. The satisfactory separation was developed on an ODS2 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution with a methanol-acetic acid solution (pH = 3.0) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min⁻¹, the column temperature was maintained at 30 ± 2 °C, the injection volume was 20 μL, and the detection wavelength was set as 309 nm. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery and stability. The results of the ADME analysis found that C3A has excellent characteristics of drug-likeness, consistent with good bio-absorption. And the predicted 12 target protein belongs to the amine oxidoreductase and carbonic anhydrase target class. This method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate for the determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in the heart and liver tissue of SD rats.

11

Selected aspects of the state health policy during the first wave of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic

Płonka-Syroka Bożena, Stych Marek, Kmak Małgorzata, Pawlica Beata

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 168

365--374

EN

Purpose: The authors analyze the decisions made from March to September 2020 which affected the functioning of Polish health care facilities. According to the authors, that period determined and significantly influenced the decisions taken by state authorities during the subsequent waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis of the issue presented in the paper will be a descriptive one. The research exploration will be carried out using the desk research method. Findings: Analyses of secondary and compilation documents showed that the authorities of the Republic of Poland were not prepared to manage the state in unprecedented conditions caused by the first wave of the pandemic, and the decisions taken at that time by public administration bodies were chaotic, not always well thought out and often influenced by public opinion. Originality/value (mandatory) The article can be considered original due to the fact that it combines an analysis of Polish legal acts issued during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic with, above all, an analysis of their social effects. The analyses showed that Polish authorities were not prepared for the pandemic crisis. The article is addressed to state administration employees as well as employees and students of universities with majors in national defense, public safety, medicine, medical rescue and public health. It may become a basis for developing legal acts of a preventive nature, which can be immediately applied in the event of another epidemic.

12

Pandemic Sars-Cov-2 and the sale of real estate – the case of the City of Poznan

Albińska Magdalena, Bielińska-Dusza Edyta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 173

7--23

EN

This article aims to assess the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the research goal was based on the assumption that the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic impacted the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. In order to assess the analysed phenomenon, the analysis covered the sale of real estate, conducted in the form of a tender during the two years preceding the pandemic and the two years of the pandemic. The analyses were carried out using a list of tenders conducted by the City of Poznan in 2018-2021 and information on the state of the municipal property prepared during this period. The study considered statutory changes relating to the disposal process of municipal real estate. The assumed goal was implemented based on the classic review of the literature, supported by the analysis of legal acts and materials of the studied unit. Findings: The pandemic resulted in significant changes in the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate stock of the City of Poznan. We can distinguish three characteristic periods, with the dynamics of change being the highest in the first year of the pandemic. We note the change in preferences of real estate market participants and the need to update the regulations on the sale of municipal real estate so that they take into account the opportunities for developing digital technologies. Social implications: The article may influence public policy by drawing attention to the importance of adapting legal requirements to the current situation and strategic thinking in managing the communal real estate resource, considering future crises. Originality/value: The article deals with the current and essential topic of the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the communal real estate resource, which is the research gap. The literature on the subject shows that this issue is analysed in the context of the commercial sector, while there are no analyses in relation to the municipal sector.

13

Nowy standard nadawania naziemnej telewizji cyfrowej DVB-T2/HEVC w Polsce

Kamuda Kazimierz W.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2023

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R. 91, nr 4

7--14

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienia związane z implementacją nowego standardu nadawania telewizji cyfrowej DVB-T2 w Polsce, zgodnie z obowiązującym stanem prawnym w zakresie krajowym i dyrektywami UE, wynikającymi stąd konsekwencjami. Omówiono przyczyny, które determinują konieczność wprowadzenia nowych technik transmisji sygnałów cyfrowych na potrzeby telewizji oraz korzyści wynikające z takich działań.

EN

The paper includes a presentation of issues related to the implementation of the new DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting standard in Poland, in accordance with the current national legal status and EU directives and the resulting consequences. The reasons which determine the necessity of introducing new techniques of digital signal transmission for television and the benefits resulting from such actions are discussed.

14

Study on the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens’ transmission probabilities for different public bus transport service scenarios

Burdzik Rafał, Speybroeck Niko

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 3

199--211

EN

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic revealed societal challenges, with passenger transport rapidly experiencing the impacts of the virus and the evolution of the concept of safety in transport. Evaluating the likelihood of viral transmission within transportation systems may be a substantial challenge, considering the complex processes that influence the incidence of random transmission events. This paper introduces a method for determining the probability of pathogen transmission in public transport, focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study draws on scenarios from the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, a period that was devastatingly marked by the lack of available vaccines. This study aims to add value to the scientific community by offering an estimation of the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in public transport and a preliminary risk assessment for COVID-19 infection, considering the number of active, non-isolated COVID-19 cases in the Polish population. The potential of this approach was demonstrated through a comparison between two different categories of passenger transport in a city bus. Based on the presented case study and the calculated probability of pathogen transmission, it is estimated that the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland through the use of public transport was approximately 0.05%. Probability estimations based on elementary events, which can vary depending on the service category (for instance, the form of ticket purchase, availability of seating or standing places, or ticket inspection), can reveal even the smallest differences in the total likelihood of pathogen transmission. However, these minute individual variations significantly impact the total metrics calculated for daily users of public transport. For effective monitoring of potential epidemic threats and for designing suitable interventions and restrictions to lower the risk of future pandemics, it may be necessary to understand the role that transportation systems, particularly public transport systems, play in the spread of pathogens.

15

Unveiling substituent effects in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of benzonitrile N-oxide and benzylideneanilines from the molecular electron density theory perspective

Mondal Asmita, Mohammad-Salim Haydar A., Acharjee Nivedita

Scientiae Radices

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2023

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

75--92

EN

The zw- type [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of benzonitrile N-oxide with a series of substituted benzylideneanilines have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. The presence of dimethylamino and methoxy substituents in the aromatic rings of benzylideneaniline makes the reaction more facile relative to the unsubstituted one, while the electron withdrawing nitro substituents relatively induce minimal changes in the energy profile complying with the experimentally observed reaction rates. The presence of non-bonding electron density at the nitrogen atom and the formation of pseudoradical centre at the carbon atom of benzonitrile N-oxide characterise the difference in electronic structure of the TSs relative to the reagents, while the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) and the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) reveal no covalent bond formation at the early TSs. The present MEDT study analyses the experimentally observed substituent effects and complete regioselectivity in the studied 32CA reactions.

16

Unusual regioselectivity in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between (E)-3-nitroacrylic acid derivatives and (Z)-C,N-diphenylimine N-oxide

Kras Jowita, Wróblewska Aneta, Kącka-Zych Agnieszka

Scientiae Radices

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2023

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Vol. 2, Iss. 2

112-117

EN

[3+2] cycloaddition reactions of -COOMe and -CN trans-substituted nitroethenes with (Z)-C,N-diphenylimine N-oxide were tested. For the contrast to most known nitroalkene/nitrone cycloaditions, the reactions studied realized with the formation of 5-nitroisoxazolidines.

17

Thermal [3+2] cycloaddition reactions as most universal way for the effective preparation of five-membered nitrogen containing heterocycles

Kras Jowita, Sadowski Mikołaj, Zawadzińska Karolina, Nagatsky Roman, Woliński Przemysław, Kula Karolina, Łapczuk Agnieszka

Scientiae Radices

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2023

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Vol. 2, Iss. 3

247--267

EN

The possibility of the construction of five-membered heterocycles, including single heteroatom or systems with two, three and four heteroatoms were critically reviewed based on the recent reports regarding to the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. Almost all of analysed reaction are realized with high regio- and stereoselectivity.

18

Zanieczyszczenie wirusem SARS-CoV-2 powierzchni opakowań żywności oraz powierzchni użytkowych w sklepach spożywczych w czasie trwania czwartej fali zakażeń COVID-19

Śliwiński Mariusz, Juźwin Ewa, Grześkiewicz Aleksander, Kasińska Dominika, Charkiewicz Radosław, Majewski Piotr, Polak-Śliwińska Magdalena

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 3

33--34

PL

Podczas trwania pandemii COVID-19 wiele osób przejawia obawy zakażenia się wirusem SARS-CoV-2 w placówkach handlowych. Głównymi drogami zakażeń wirusem SARS-CoV-2 są wydalane przez zarażone osoby krople i aerozole, które osiadając na powierzchniach przedmiotów mogą stanowić, poprzez kontakt z nimi, źródło retransmisji wirusa. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu ocenę obecności wirusa SARS-CoV-2 na powierzchniach produktów i przedmiotów często dotykanych przez klientów i personel w sklepach spożywczych. Badania wykonane techniką RTLAMP i potwierdzone techniką RT-PCR wykazały, że materiał genetyczny wirusa SARS-CoV-2 był obecny w wymazach pobranych w czasie trwania czwartej fali zakażeń COVID-19 w Polsce w placówkach mhandlowych oferujących żywność.

EN

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are afraid of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 virus at retail outlets. The main routes of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus are droplets and aerosols excreted by infected people, which settling on the surfaces of objects, through contact with them can be a source of virus retransmission. The research carried out were aimed at assessing the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the surfaces of products and objects often touched by customers and staff in grocery stores. Research performed with the RT-LAMP technique and confirmed with the RT-PCR technique showed that the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was present in swabs collected during the fourth wave of COVID-19 infections in Poland in grocery stores.

19

Kwasy tłuszczowe w handlowych jogurtach dostępnych w Olsztynie

Paszczyk Beata, Tońska Elżbieta

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 10

28--32

PL

Celem badań było porównanie profilu kwasów tłuszczowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zawartości kwasu cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA), kwasów tłuszczowych z rodziny n-3 i n-6 oraz zawartości pożądanych (DFA) i niepożądanych (OFA) kwasów tłuszczowych w tłuszczu wydzielonym z jogurtów dostępnych na rynku olsztyńskim w listopadzie 2022 roku. Materiał do badań stanowiły jogurty: naturalne (4 próbki), naturalne BIO (3 próbki), naturalne z dodatkiem mikroflory probiotycznej (6 próbek), naturalne typu greckiego (4 próbki), typu greckiego z dodatkiem mikroflory probiotycznej i inuliny (3 próbki) oraz typu bałkańskiego (3 próbki). Profil kwasów tłuszczowych tłuszczu wydzielonego z objętych badaniem próbek analizowano metodą chromatografii gazowej na 100 m kolumnie kapilarnej z fazą CP Sil 88. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że w tłuszczu wydzielonym z badanych jogurtów zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych była bardzo zróżnicowana. Najwyższą średnią zawartość kwasu cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) stwierdzono w tłuszczu z jogurtów typu bałkańskiego. Z.kolei w tłuszczu z BIO jogurtów stwierdzono najwyższą zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych z rodziny n-3. Jogurty te charakteryzowały się też najkorzystniejszym stosunkiem kwasów tłuszczowych n-6/n-3 oraz najwyższą zawartością pożądanych kwasów tłuszczowych (DFA), co jest istotne z żywieniowego punktu widzenia.

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the profile of fatty acids, with particular emphasis on the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 acid (CLA), n-3 and n-6 fatty acids as well as the content of desirable (DFA) and undesirable (OFA) fatty acids in fat separated from yoghurts available on the Olsztyn market in November 2022. The material for the study included yoghurts: natural (4 samples), natural BIO (3 samples), natural with the addition of probiotic microflora (6 samples), natural Greek type (4 samples), Greek type with the addition of probiotic microflora and inulin (3 samples) and Balkan type (3 samples). The fatty acid profile of the fat separated from the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with a 100 m capillary column with the CP Sil 88 phase. The study showed that the content of fatty acids in the fat extracted from the analyzed yoghurts were very diverse. The highest average content of cis9trans11 C18:2 acid (CLA) was found in fat isolated from Balkan yoghurts. In turn, the fat extracted from BIO yoghurts was characterized the highest content of n-3 fatty acids. These yoghurts were also had by the most favorable of n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio and the highest content of desirable fatty acids (DFA), which is important from the nutritional point of view.

20

Nowatorski sposób syntezy surfaktantów polimerowych opartych na kombinacji biokwasów karboksylowych oraz polioksyalkilenowanych alkoholi

Szczepaniak Paulina, Czachór Dominika, Zakrzewska Irena, Sznajder Izabela, Jakób Alina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 3

242--248

PL

Przedstawiono nowatorski sposób syntezy surfaktantów polimerycznych z wykorzystaniem niestosowanej kombinacji katalizatorów. Dzięki unikatowemu systemowi bikatalizatorów (kwaśne żywice jonowymienne i tris(2-etyloheksanian) butylocyny) przedstawiona technologia jest wydajnym rozwiązaniem dla procesów estryfikacji i transestryfikacji, dzięki której można przetwarzać szeroką gamę surowców.

EN

A method for manufacturing polymeric polyetheresters based on the reaction of biocarboxylic acids (citric or succinic acid) and polyoxy- alkylated alcohols using 2 types of catalysts, acid ion exchange resin and [CH₃(CH₂)₃CH(C₂H₅)CO₂]₃SnBu, was presented. Using a molecular structure design method based on the HLB index, polymeric surfactants with specific properties were designed and synthesized. The presented method of conducting the process allowed to lower the temp. and reduce the formation of by-products.