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The Effect of ENSO on the Upwelling Intensity in the Seas along the Northern Coast of Papua: A Case Study of the 2015–2016 El Niño and the 2010–2011 La Niña Events

Lesmana Petrik Siano Okta Prima, Wirasatriya Anindya, Setiyono Heryoso, Suryoputro Agus Anugroho Dwi, Wijaya Yusuf Jati, Ismunarti Dwi Haryo, Haryanti Dwi, Abdillah Muhammad Rais

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 2

243--253

The seas along the Northern Coast of Papua constitute a region with complex oceanographic conditions as they are situated within the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP). The geographical location in the southern hemisphere induces upwelling during the west monsoon season (December-January-February). Additionally, interannual phenomena such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can impact the intensity of upwelling in these waters. This study aimed to compare the upwelling intensity in the seas along the Northern Coast of Papua during neutral phases and ENSO phases. The main indicators of upwelling are sea surface temperature (SST) and Ekman mass transport (EMT). The data utilized in this study include SST from GHRSST and surface wind from ASCAT. The data processing employed the monthly composite method with spatiotemporal analysis based on anomaly results derived from monthly climatology. The analysis results reveal that El Niño 2015–2016 led to an increase in upwelling intensity ranging from 1.82 to 4.00 m/s2, while La Niña 2010–2011 resulted in a weakening of upwelling intensity ranging from 4.95 to 6.56 m/s2 in the seas along the Northern Coast of Papua. On the basis of correlation and regression analysis, it can be concluded that offshore EMT significantly influences upwelling anomalies in the southeastern waters, whereas the northwestern waters are more influenced by the shifting IPWP during ENSO.

Geopolityka i geostrategia wybranych mocarstw w regionie Oceanu Indyjskiego i Zachodniego Pacyfiku

Skrzyp J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

2013

nr 1(90)

5-37

The Asian Development Bank forecasts that within 40 years Asia will catch up with Europe and North America which means that it will regain its dominating position in the global economy. Among many countries in this region China, which has already become world great power, deserves special attention. A dynamic progress is also the characteristic of India, a country which competes with China for the access to energy resources. Thus, a great race of those countries has commenced to have access to those resources as well as to secure the routes of their transport. Due to the above situation, the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific have gain special significance hence the Middle East and Africa are for the aforementioned countries a resource base. This, moreover, overlaps with strategic interests of the USA, Russia and other countries. As a result it is the beginning of a big game between China and India and the prize is the security of communication routes on the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific, where also the USA have their strategic interests. A big game between China, the USA, and Russia is also carried put in order to gain access to natural resources in Central Asia including the Caspian Sea and the Middle East. In the above situation, the ASEAN countries have become important being the passage area between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. This is because of the Strait of Malacca which is located in this area and passed by 50 thousand ships yearly.