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1

Valorization of Banana Bunch Waste as a Feedstock via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Energy Purposes

Sulaiman Sani Maulana, Nugroho Gunawan, Saputra Hendri Maja, Djaenudin, Permana Dani, Fitria Novi, Putra Herlian Eriska

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

61--74

EN

In this article, the potential use of banana bunch waste (BBW) as a source of bioenergy through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated. BBW, a byproduct of banana production, is difficult to use as a fuel due to its low density and carbon ratio. However, its high lignocellulose content indicates its potential as a bioenergy source. To determine the optimal HTC conditions, an experiment was conducted using temperature, water to feedstock ratio, and processing time, with the RSM Box-Behnken method used to produce 15 trial formulations. Energy value and mass yield data were collected to determine the optimal values for both. The main parameter affecting energy yield was found to be the water to feedstock ratio, and the optimal conditions were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C, a water to feedstock ratio of 1.5:1, and a processing time of 15 minutes. The highest energy yield of 99.7% was observed under these conditions, while the lowest mass yield of 25.30% was observed at a temperature of 200°C with a water ratio of 2 and a time of 15 minutes. The heating value of the HTC solid product ranges from 17–27 MJ/kg, which is comparable to low-grade sub-bituminous coal, indicating potential for co-firing with coal and other hydrothermal products as a fuel.

2

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoadsorbent for Remediation of Polluted Water

Khairiah Khairiah, Frida Erna, Sebayang Kerista, Sinuhaji Perdinan, Humaidi Syahrul, Ridwanto, Fudholi Ahmad, Marwoto Putut

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

336--348

EN

The development of nanoadsorbents for remediation of polluted water in order to obtain clean and healthy water quality has been carried out, namely the incorporation of chitosan, magnetic, and activated carbon materials. The activated carbon used is the result of the synthesis of banana peel waste nanocrystals, while the magnetic is Fe3O4. The method used in this study is an experimental method with coprecipitation through several stages, namely (1) magnetic synthesis of Fe3O4 by thecoprecipitation method, (2) preparation of chitosan solution, (3) synthesis of activated carbon nanocrystals from banana peel waste by the milling process, (4) merger of the three materials, and (5) characterization with SEM/EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET, PSA, TGA, and AAS to test the performance of the material against polluted water. The study found that 210 minutes was the optimal time for the heavy metal ions Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb to adsorption.The best sample was sample S4 with a ratio of 1:2:2 with adsorption for Zn 92.43%, Fe 95.44%, Mn 89.54%, and Pb 84.38%. For the heavy metal ions: Mn 5624 mg/g, Fe 5849.4 mg/g, Zn 4894.22 mg/g, and Pb 468.2 mg/g, the Langmuir model was used. The adsorption kinetics showed that the reaction order for Pb, Mn, Zn, and Fe ions varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Carboxymethyl cellulose nanoadsorbents are effective in remediating the water contaminated with heavy metals, such as Pb, Mn, Zn, and Fe, meeting the environmental health quality standards for water media for sanitation hygiene purposes.

3

Effects of fruit maturities, coatings, and storage temperatures on the qualities and green-life of Cavendish banana

Fahri Alamanda Katartika, Widodo Soesiladi Esti, Waluyo Sri, Zulferiyenni

Acta Innovations

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2023

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no. 47

56--63

EN

Cavendish banana is a climacteric fruit with a fast response to ethylene and a very high respiration rate during storage. Previous studies revealed that these characteristics shortened the green-life and fastened fruit damage, affecting the economic value. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of fruit maturity levels, coatings, and storage temperatures on the qualities and green-life of Cavendish banana. The result showed that the level of fruit maturity significantly increased the green-life duration, as well as maintained firmness, diameter loss, acidity, and starch content, but it had no effect on weight loss, oBrix, and glucose. Meanwhile, low temperature was able to delay senescence, promote starch degradation, as well as detain firmness and diameter loss. The results also showed that the combined application of maturity levels + temperatures affected all parameters, while maturities + coatings as well as coatings + storage had effects on firmness, acidity, and starch content. The 1% chitosan coating coverage was analyzed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which showed fully covered surface of M1 finger rind tip and some crack points on finger rind base. Furthermore, there was full coverage on M2, and some crack points on M3.

4

Does melatonin improve the yield attributes of field-droughted banana under Egyptian semi-arid conditions?

Hassan Islam F., Gaballah Maybelle S., Ogbaga Chukwuma C., Murad Soha A., Brysiewicz Adam, Bakr Basem M.M., Mira Amany, Alam-Eldein Shamel M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

221--231

EN

Drought is regarded as one of the environmental constraints threatening agriculture worldwide. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule prevalent in plants capable of promoting plant endogenous resilience to many environmental challenges including drought. Banana is an important staple food consumed in developing countries especially in Africa. In this research, we studied the role of melatonin in the growth of bananas subjected to drought under the Egyptian semi-arid conditions. To achieve this objective, a field experiment on banana (Musa spp., cv. Williams) mother plants and first ratoon was conducted on a private farm for two seasons - 2019 and 2020. Three irrigation treatments, 100, 90 and 80% irrigation water requirements (IWR) were used in conjunction with four concentrations of melatonin as a foliar spray (0 μmol, 40 μmol, 60 μmol, and 80 μmol) to determine the effect of both treatments on banana plant performance under drought. The results showed that there was a substantial difference between treatments, with the foliar application of melatonin at 80 μmol concentration improving most of the yield attributes, relative water content, total chlorophyll and proline with water deficit. However, the foliar application of the molecule lowered the biochemical characteristics mostly at 80% IWR under the Egyptian semi-arid conditions. Overall, there was a concentration-dependent response with regards to IWR for the two seasons 2019 and 2020.

5

Utilizing Activated Carbon Developed from Banana Peels as Permeable Reactive Barrier in Copper Removal from Polluted Groundwater

Al Haider Shahzanan Abbas, Al Fatlawi Suad, Nasir Mohsin J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

83--90

EN

The opportunity of utilizing activated carbon prepared from banana peels (BPAC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to eliminate copper (Cu+2) from the contaminated ground water has been explored. The activated carbon was prepared from banana peels by chemical activation utilizing a drenching agent, for example, a phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The Influence of different factors including initial copper amount, contacting duration, agitation speed, initial pH of the solution and sorbent dosage was studied in batch experiments. The optimum magnitudes for these factors that resulted in the highest copper removing efficacy (96%) were 40 minutes, 6, 250 rpm, 50 mg/l, and 1 mg/100 ml, respectively. The isotherm models of Freundlich and Langmuir have been utilized to analyze the sorption data for Cu+2 ions acquired via batch studies. The Langmuir model has been utilized to explain the sorption of Cu+2 onto BPAC, according to the findings. The partial differential formulas that describe copper transport in one–dimensional (1D) under equilibrium conditions have been solved utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a software based on the finite element technique. The PRB has a significant function in preventing the copper plume from moving, according to the expected findings (COMSOL solution) and experimental findings. Finally, the excellent agreement between anticipated (theoretical) and actual findings, with an RMSE of less comparison with 0.1%, demonstrated that these techniques are useful and efficient instruments for describing copper transport processes.

6

Limiting the Hurtful Oxidative Stress and Seasonal Physiological Adaptations in Seashore Paspalum through the Use of Banana Waste Biochar and Compost Mixtures

Fetjah Dounia, Ihssane Bouchaib, Idardare Zaina, Ainlhout Lalla Fatima Ezzahra, Bouqbis Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

216--227

EN

The study’s purpose was to reduce the oxidative stress, seasonal physiological changes of paspalum vaginatum and ameliorate soil properties through the addition of banana waste biochar and compost. Different rates of organic amendments were incorporated into sandy loam soil to investigate their impact on paspalum physiological, biochemical, and development in pot and field settings over three seasons (winter, spring and summer). Under the conditions of these two places, paspalum leaves gas exchange characteristics, stomatal traits, anatomy traits, relative water content, proline, antioxidant enzyme activities, and paspalum pigments were determined. For the irrigation system, two rates were chosen: 20% and 60% of the water holding capacity of the control plot WHC. In this study, two advanced statistical analyses were conducted. A factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) was performed for the analysis of the effect of our charcoal on soil data. Meanwhile, the impact of banana waste biochar on biological activities was investigated using multiple factorial analysis (MFA). The use of biochar and compost blends boosted the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of treated soils, according to our findings. Furthermore, the use of banana waste biochar improved biological basis in the summer season compared with previous seasons. Different antioxidant capacities in seashore paspalum were boosted in the improved soils compared to the untreated ones.

7

Mechanical properties evaluation of banana fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review

Gairola Surya P., Tyagi Yogesh, Gupta Nitin

Acta Innovations

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2022

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no. 42

59--70

EN

In today's fast-developing world, the use of composite materials is closely related to environmental pollution, renewable and biodegradable resources. A researcher is looking for environmentally friendly materials. Natural and synthetic fibres come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Natural fibres include jute, straw wheat, rice husk banana fibre, pineapple leaf fibre, cotton, Sisal, Coir, Oats, and Bagasse. Every year, 13.5 tonnes of banana fibre are produced in India. Teabags, paper, and polymer composite reinforcement are just a few of the applications for banana fibre. This article focuses on the manufacture of banana fibre with epoxy and a variety of other natural fibres. By combining banana fibre with some current technology, waste will be reduced, and energy efficiency will be increased, all while supporting sustainability. Banana fibres are covered in this work, along with their uses, applications, and mechanical qualities, as well as how banana fibre might improve mechanical properties.

8

Arsenic removal through bio sand filter using different bio-adsorbents

Keerio Ghulam S., Keerio Hareef A., Ibuphoto Khalil A., Laghari Mahmood, Panhwar Sallahuddin, Talpur Mashooque A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 48

11--15

EN

Arsenic is one of the most harmful pollutants in groundwater. In this paper, the Nepali bio sand filter (BSF) was modified with different bio-adsorbents, and proved to be an efficient method for arsenic removal from groundwater. Three different bio-adsorbents were used to modify the Nepali BSF. Iron nails and biochar BSF, ~96% and ~93% arsenic removal was achieved, within the range of WHO guidelines. In iron nails, BSF and biochar BSF ~15 dm3∙h–1 arsenic content water was treated. In the other two BSFs, rice-husk and banana peel were used, the arsenic removal efficiency was ~83% of both BSFs. Furthermore, the efficiency of rice-husk and banana peel BSFs can be increased by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent or by reducing the flow rate.

9

Polyurethane Loaded with Vegetable Activated Carbon for Heavy Metals Removal from Water

El Malti Wassim, Hamieh Mostafa, Noaman Amer, El-Dine Rim Nasser, Hijazi Akram, Al-Khatib Wassef

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

99--110

EN

The heavy metals pollutants resulting from industrial wastewater are a major environmental problem due to their toxicity and non-biodegradability. Their removal became a trending environmental subject. The preparation of low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbents for industrial wastewater treatment has been widely investigated. Furthermore, the use of polymeric material for this purpose is highly increasing. In this study, banana stem agro-waste was valorized by preparing and characterizing its derived activated carbon used as a filler to improve the adsorption performance of polyurethane foams. The loaded polyurethane was synthesized in the shape of pellets, characterized by SEM, and tested in removing Pb2+ and Cu2+ from aqueous solutions. The effects of activated carbon filler concentration, number of filtering passes, and pH were examined. The loaded polyurethane demonstrated a good adsorption capacity that was enormously improved compared to the unloaded polymer. 77% Pb2+ and 40% Cu2+ removal were reached after one filtering pass only. The optimum pH was determined to be 4. After the 10th pass, and at any pH, almost 100% of the studied metals were eliminated. Rapid and straightforward selectivity and seawater deionization tests were carried out and confirmed the capacity performance of the prepared pellets in removing different aqueous ions.

10

Effect of Banana Waste Biochar on Physiological Responses and Growth of Seashore Paspalum

Fetjah Dounia, Ainlhout Lalla Fatima Ezzahra, Ihssane Bouchaib, Bouqbis Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

1--10

EN

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of banana waste biochar on the physiological traits and growth of Paspalum vaginatum under three water treatments (100%, 80%, and 60% of the water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil). A plastic pot experiment was done for the germination of paspalum vaginatum. The treatments were the addition of compost, banana waste biochar, or banana waste biochar and compost combination to the soil. We used multiple factor analysis (MFA) to reveal the relationship between the effect of banana waste biochar and the three water regimes on physiological data. The findings revealed that banana waste biochar had an important impacts on all traits under various water supply conditions. The photon yield of PSII of control treatment at three water regimes had the lowest response compared to amended treatments. Changes were observed in chlorophyll pigment among different treatments.

11

Biological, Physico-Chemical and Morphological Analyses of Four Biochars Derived from Agricultural Waste

Fetjah Dounia, Ainlhout Lalla Fatima Ezzahra, Ihssane Bouchaib, Houari Abdellah, Idardare Zaina, Bouqbis Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

36--46

EN

Around the world, the increasing population and consumption are placing huge demands on food. Agriculture is considered one of the important sectors in the world and the force to feed humanity. While under these circumstances, which stand out by successive years of drought, degradation of soil, climate change, and global warming, this sector has multifaceted a major issue that goes beyond threatening food security. Thus, Morocco characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate is one example of countries that suffered from those problems. Due to lack of rain, the water resources of some Moroccan arable lands are consumed highly as well as the quality of its soils is now degraded. This issue calls for new approaches to amending the degraded soils in these regions and sustain water supplies. Indeed, biochar can be a remedy for these poor soils; in fact, it has an incredible sequester carbon on soil, a benefit on the environment as well as on plant growth. Despite its virtues, certain biochars contain phytotoxic compounds. In this study, four biochars prepared from banana waste, peanut hull, almond shells, and walnut shells were tested on three plant species (cress to test (HAP), barley for assessing heavy metals, and lettuce to assess salinity) before any field application. The chemical and physical analysis was done for the four biochars and the sandy soil, the four biochars were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for identifying the morphology of each biochar. The results showed that the four biochars enhanced water holding capacity (WHC), they also revealed the existence of heavy metals especially for almond shells biochar and walnut shells biochar. While for the morphology of each biochar, banana waste biochar (BC-BW) and peanut hull biochar (BC-PeH) had more pores than almond shells biochar (BC-Alm) and walnut shells biochar(BC-WS). Concerning the phytotoxic tests, the lettuce was germinated in all biochars treatments except for the 8% biochar banana treatment, for the cress and barley, all the treatments were grown.

12

Physio-mechanical & wear performance of banana fiber/walnut powder based epoxy composites

Gairola Surya P., Tyagi Yogesh, Gangil Brijesh, Jha Kanishk

Acta Innovations

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2021

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no. 41

42--55

EN

The present environmental condition indicates the immediate need for sustainable materials containing mainly natural elements for composite fabrication. Encouragement of natural fibers in composite materials can significantly reduce the greenhouse effect and the high cost of manufacturing synthetic fiber-based polymer composites. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the physio-mechanical properties of banana fiber (BF) fiber - based epoxy (EP) composites filled with walnut shell powder (WNP). Fabrication was carried out by mixing and cold pressing with fixed BF proportion and varying percentages of WNP (0%, 5%, 10%, 15 wt. %). The results obtained in the study suggest the mechanical properties of the BF/EP composite were enhanced with the addition of WNP as a filler. This is because the WNP filler occupies the spaces in the composite, which bridge the gaps between the banana fibers and the epoxy matrix; also, the inclusion of walnut powder in the BF/EP composites greatly enhanced their wear resistance. The microstructural properties of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

13

Rozbudowa korytarzy logistycznych jako rozwój transportu w Europie

Kępa Paulina, Dereń Klaudia

Journal of TransLogistics

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2020

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Vol. 6, nr 1

57--66

PL

Tematem artykułu jest rozbudowa sieci korytarzy logistycznych w Europie. Zostały w nim przedstawione obecne i prognozowane problemy dalekobieżnego transportu towarowego oraz szanse rozwoju transportu w Europie poprzez wyznaczenie nowych korytarzy logistycznych wraz z innowacyjną infrastrukturą, dającą możliwość wykorzystania pojazdów alternatywnych oraz transportu multimodalnego. Druga część artykułu skupiona jest na udziale Polski w powyższych rozwiązaniach oraz na wpływie nowych korytarzy logistycznych na gospodarkę naszego kraju.

EN

The topic of the article is the expansion of the network of logistic corridors in Europe. It presents the current and projected problems of long-distance freight transport and the opportunities for the development of transport in Europe through the designation of new logistic corridors with innovative infrastructure, giving the opportunity to use alternative vehicles and multimodal transport. The further part of the article focuses on Poland's participation in the above solutions and on the impact of new logistic corridors on our country's economy.

14

Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solutions using banana peel and sugarcane bagasse as biosorbents

Ahmed Arif Eftekhar, Majewska-Nowak Katarzyna

Environment Protection Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 46, nr 3

121--135

EN

The adsorption of Eurozol Navy Blue (ENB) reactive dye was examined using banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. Several parameters such as pH, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage were considered and their impact on dye adsorption efficiency was evaluated. The removal percentages of ENB dye due to adsorption on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse were 72% and 70%, respectively. Simultaneous dosing of both biosorbents resulted in 68% dye removal. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit the adsorption of ENB dye on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. The corresponding maximum adsorption capacities were equal to 24.09, 32.46, and 27.54 mg/g for banana peel powder, sugarcane bagasse powder, and the mixture of adsorbents, respectively.

15

Experimental Investigation into Banana Fibre Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Masonry Prism Sandwiched with GFRP sheet

Vijayalakshmi Ramalingam, Ramanagopal Srinivasan

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 2

15--31

EN

This paper presents the stress-strain behaviour of Natural Banana microfibre reinforced Lightweight Concrete (LWC) prisms under axial compression. The compressive strength of masonry is obtained by testing stack bonded prisms under compression normal to its bed joint. LWC blocks of cross-sectional dimensions 200 mm x 150 mm were used to construct the prism with an overall height of 630 mm. Three series of specimens were cast; (a) prism without Banana fibre (control), (b) prism with Banana microfibres, (c) prism with Banana microfibres sandwiched with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets. Natural Banana fibres were used as structural fibre reinforcement at different volume fractions (VF). The results indicate that the presence of fibres helps to improve the strength, stiffness, and ductility of LWC stack bonded prisms under compression. The test results also indicate that banana fibre reinforcement provides an improved crack bridging mechanism at both micro and macro levels. The GFRP sandwiched prism specimens exhibited excellent ductility and load-carrying capacity resulting from improved plastic deformation tolerance under compression and bonding between the LWC block and GFRP sheet.

16

The effect of sugar substitutes on selected characteristics of shortcrust pastry

Król Katarzyna, Ponder Alicja, Gantner Magdalena

Acta Innovations

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2019

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no. 31

57--63

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of substituting sugar in crust pastry with natural substitutes, such as stevia, xylitol, coconut sugar as well as dried banana. Furthermore, a comparison of physicochemical properties was carried out. The crust pastry obtained was analyzed in terms of color by CIEL*a*b*, textures, water activity, bake loss, semi-consumer assessments and the nutritional value was calculated. There was a clear impact caused by the sugar substitute on the physicochemical properties and their sensory assessment. The cakes with xylitol had the closest color, smell and taste to the control sample (with sucrose). The cakes with dried banana had a significantly reduced hardness compared to the control sample. The lowest bake loss was observed in the case of pastry with dried banana, while the highest was in the case of xylitol. In sensory analysis, the “Just-about-right” method was used, and pastries with a sweeter taste were more desirable (xylitol) and pastry with the stevia substitute showed the lowest desirability. The lowest energy value per 100 g was obtained for stevia (392 kcal/ 100g), while for xylitol energy, the value was reduced by 6%.

17

Use of Statistical Techniques to Characterize Bio-Composites Made from Sisal Fibres and Bio-Resin from Banana Peel

Mwesigwa R., Mwasiagi J. I.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2018

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Vol. 26, no. 3 (129)

87--92

EN

The purpose of this study was to use statistical techniques to characterise bio-composites made from sisal fibres and bio-resin from raw banana peel. The fibres were treated with sodium hydroxide, combined with a bio-resin made from banana peel, and then a bio-composite material was developed. The effect of the fibre volume fraction, glycerine and bio-resin mass on the bio-composite’s tensile and compressive properties was investigated using universal rotatable design and multiple regression. The paired T-test conducted exhibited a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the treated fibres. Sisal bio-composite showed a tensile strength of 5.2 MPa with an adjusted R2 value of 0.91, Young’s modulus of 11.99 MPa (adjusted R2 of 0.92), percentage elongation of 1.77% (adjusted R2 of 0.95), and compressive strength of 2.94 MPa (adjusted R2 of 0.90). The bio-composite could becompared to a commercial composite and solid wood boards, and hence it is an alternative to non-renewable, non-biodegradable petroleum and solid wood products for partition, ceiling and notice board applications.

PL

Celem pracy było wykorzystanie technik statystycznych do charakteryzowania biokompozytów wykonanych z włókien sizalowych i biożywicy z surowej skórki banana. Włókna potraktowano wodorotlenkiem sodu, w połączeniu z biożywicą ze skórki banana, a następnie opracowano materiał bio-kompozytowy. Zbadano wpływ frakcji objętościowej włókna, gliceryny i masy biożywicy na właściwości rozciągające i ściskające biokompozytów, wykorzystując uniwersalną konstrukcję obrotową i wielokrotną regresję. Sparowany test T-test wykazał znaczną poprawę właściwości mechanicznych obrabianych włókien. Bio-kompozyt wykazywał wytrzymałość na rozciąganie równy 5,2 MPa przy skorygowanej wartości R2 wynoszącej 0,91, module Younga 11,99 MPa (skorygowany R2 równy 0,92), procentowym wydłużeniu 1,77% (skorygowany R2 równy 0,95) i wytrzymałości na ściskanie wynoszącej 2,94 MPa (skorygowany R2 równy 0,90). Biokompozyt można porównać do komercyjnego kompozytu i litego drewna, a zatem może być alternatywą dla nieodnawialnych, niebiodegradowalnych produktów z ropy naftowej i litego drewna do zastosowań w ścianach działowych, sufitach i tablicach ogłoszeń.

18

An Overview on Thermal Image Processing

AnsarI Sheeba, Salankar Suresh

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

|

2017

|

Vol. 10

117--120

EN

Entire world is accentuated on inanition health certainty and food safety. Mostly, for fruit ripening the fruit seller uses calcium carbide and for human body the calcium carbide is exceptionally dangerous as it accommodates the phosphorous and arsenic traces. In many countries it is prohibited but in Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh and in another country it is directly used. Quality assessment of banana fruit can be concluded by either human inspectors or instrumental tools. This paper presents a method of Thermal Imaging Technology for detection of banana fruit whether it is ripened by calcium carbide or naturally ripened. This paper also presents image preprocessing, image segmentation and feature extraction steps for processing of an image. For classifying these images the Neural Network is used.

19

Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent copper using agro-waste biomaterials, Musa acuminata, Casuarina equisetifolia L. and Sorghum bicolor

Mokkapati R.P., Mokkapati J., Ratnakaram V.N.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2016

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Vol. 18, nr 2

68--77

EN

Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder (SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting adsorption capacity were analyzed and the efficiency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II) from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.

20

Flame resistant cellulosic substrate using banana pseudostem sap

Basak S., Samanta K. K., Saxena S., Chattopadhyay S. K., Narkar R., Mahangade R., Hadge G. B.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2015

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Vol. 17, nr 1

123--133

EN

Flame retardancy was imparted in cellulosic cotton textile using banana pseudostem sap (BPS), an eco-friendly natural product. The extracted sap was made alkaline and applied in pre-mordanted bleached and mercerized cotton fabrics. Flame retardant properties of both the control and the treated fabrics were analysed in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal and vertical flammability. Fabrics treated with the non-diluted BPS were found to have good flame retardant property with LOI of 30 compared to the control fabric with LOI of 18, i.e., an increase of 1.6 times. In the vertical flammability test, the BPS treated fabric showed flame for a few seconds and then, got extinguished. In the horizontal flammability test, the treated fabric showed no flame, but was burning only with an afterglow with a propagation rate of 7.5 mm/min, which was almost 10 times lower than that noted with the control fabric. The thermal degradation and the pyrolysis of the fabric samples were studied using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the chemical composition by FTIR, SEM and EDX, besides the pure BPS being characterized by EDX and mass spectroscopy. The fabric after the treatment was found to produce stable natural khaki colour, and there was no significant degradation in mechanical strengths. Based on the results, the mechanism of imparting flame retardancy to cellulosic textile and the formation of natural colour on it using the proposed BPS treatment have been postulated.