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1

Polska technologia przetwarzania laminatów LDPE-Al pochodzących z recyklingu wielomateriałowych opakowań kartonowych po płynnej żywności typu Tetra Pak

Marek Adam A., Wojciechowski Szymon

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 2

189--192

PL

Kartonowe opakowania wielomateriałowe (KOW), znane powszechnie jako opakowania Tetra Pak, stanowią fundamentalny element dzisiejszego przemysłu spożywczego. Choć mają one wiele zalet i zastosowań jako opakowania do żywności, to istotnym problemem jest ich późniejszy proces recyklingu, w którym udałoby się odzyskać wyjściowe surowce, w szczególności polietylen i folię aluminiową. Przedstawiono proces technologiczny przetwarzania laminatu LDPE-Al otrzymanego po procesie rozwłókniania opakowań KOW, opracowany przez naukowców na Politechnice Śląskiej, a następnie rozwinięty przez firmę Altempo Sp. z o.o. jako proces SolvtempoTM. Efektem prac było wybudowanie i uruchomienie instalacji pilotażowej na terenie zakładu o mocy przetwórczej powyżej 300 kg/h.

EN

R&D cooperation of the Silesian University of Technology and the Altempo company resulted in the implementation of the technol. for processing LDPE-Al laminate, obtained after the fiberization process of multi-material cardboard packaging. Altempo continued research to further develop the technology under the name Solvtempo™ process. The result of the work was the construction and launch of a pilot installation at the Altempo plant with a processing capacity of over 300 kg/h.

2

Structure and mechanical properties of cermet Ni-Al/MSZ thick coating prepared by flame spraying technique

Saleh Mahmood M., Khemakhem Hamadi, Jassim Ismel K., Al-Saqa Read Hashim

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2024

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nr 1

9--14

EN

The aim of this study was to obtain a thick protective cermet coating on API 5L (carbon steel) pipes, used in the oil industry. A new method involving flame spray coating has been selected to produce thick ceramic-metal coatings of Ni-Al/MgO-ZrO2 under optimal spraying parameters. Structural properties were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphology was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition in the cermet coating was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Deposition efficiency was found to be an important factor as demonstrated by adhesion force results obtained using the pull-out tensile test. The results show that the best spray distance is 20 cm, as it ensures good interaction between the layers, a high adhesion force value of 8.4 MPa, a uniform microstructure, low porosity, a hardness of 166.4 HV, and a coating thickness of approximately 1.85 mm. X-ray results clearly show that the cermet coating consists of numerous phases, such as tetragonal (T), monoclinic, and face center cubic (FCC). SEM images revealed that the typical particle-containing microstructures consisted of spherical shapes with elongated agglomerations. Finally, based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that flame spray coating provides a significant improvement in performance.

PL

Celem pracy było uzyskanie grubej ochronnej powłoki cermetalowej na rurach API 5L (ze stali węglowej), stosowanych w przemyśle naftowym. Wybrano nową metodę natryskiwania płomieniowego w celu wytworzenia grubych powłok ceramiczno-metalowych Ni-Al/MgO-ZrO2 przy optymalnych parametrach natryskiwania. Właściwości strukturalne zostały zmierzone za pomocą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej (XRD). Morfologię określono za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM). Skład pierwiastkowy powłoki cermetalowej ustalono, używając spektroskopii dyspersji energii (EDS). Stwierdzono, że wydajność osadzania jest ważnym czynnikiem, o czym świadczą wyniki pomiaru siły adhezji uzyskane w próbie rozciągania. Z badań wynika, że najlepsza odległość natryskiwania wynosi 20 cm – zapewniona jest wówczas dobra interakcja między warstwami, wysoka wartość siły adhezji: 8,4 MPa, jednolita mikrostruktura, niska porowatość, twardość wynosi 166,4 HV, a grubość powłoki ok. 1,85 mm. Badania rentgenowskie pozwoliły ustalić, że powłoka cermetalowa składa się z wielu faz: tetragonalnej (T), jednoskośnej i FCC. Obrazy SEM ujawniły, że typowe mikrostruktury zawierające cząstki składały się z kulistych struktur tworzących wydłużone aglomeracje. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że zastosowana metoda natryskiwania płomieniowego zapewnia znaczną poprawę właściwości ochronnych.

3

Sztuka wywiadu a sztuka wojny : rola szpiegostwa i informacji wywiadowczych w dziełach strategów i teoretyków wojny

Kamiński Mariusz Antoni

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

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nr 4

PL

Współczesny wywiad narodził się w XIX wieku i stał się ważną instytucja państwa podczas I wojny światowej. Jednak szpiegostwo i inne formy działalności wywiadowczej występował również we wcześniejszych epokach historycznych oraz różnych cywilizacjach i kulturach. Wykorzystanie informacji zdobywanych przez szpiegów i informatorów, a także gromadzone podczas zwiadu wojskowego, były szczególnie istotne w działaniach militarnych. W artykule zaprezentowano jak stratedzy i teoretycy wojny odnosili się do wykorzystania informacji wywiadowczych w sztuce wojennej. W tym celu przeanalizowano dzieła literackie różnych autorów począwszy od czasów starożytnych po XIX wiek. Znaleźli się wśród nich zarówno twórcy, których publikacje zaliczane są współcześnie do kanonu sztuki wojennej (jak m.in. Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, Fryderyk II), jak też mniej znani autorzy zajmujący się strategią działań militarnych (m.in. Kautilya, Nizām Al-Mulk, al-Ansari, Thiébault, Jomini).

EN

Modern intelligence was born in the 19th century and became an important state institution during World War I. However, espionage and other forms of intelligence activities also occurred in earlier historical eras and various civilizations and cultures. The use of information obtained by spies, as well as collected during military reconnaissance, was important in military operations. The article presents how strategists and war theorists referred to the use of intelligence information in the art of war. For this purpose, literary works of various authors were analyzed, from ancient period to the 19th century. The article includes authors such as: Sun Tzu, Kautilya, Nizām Al -Mulk, al-Ansari, Frederick II, Clausewitz, Thiébault, and Jomini.

4

Tribological wear analysis of Ti-Al composite coatings applied with the cold spray method

Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata, Wiśniewski Marcin, Dziubek Mateusz, Kowalewski Piotr, Winnicki Marcin

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 3

63--70

EN

The possibility of using the low-pressure cold gas spraying (LPCS) method to create composite coatings has been known and used for a long time. This method makes it possible to create coatings from physically and chemically different powders and to regenerate components damaged during operation. Composite coatings of titanium and aluminium at different weight concentrations were selected for the study. The research was conducted to optimise the influence of the chemical composition of the composite coatings on their tribological properties. This paper presents the results of tribological wear testing of composite coatings applied using the low-pressure cold gas spray (LPCS) method. Wear resistance tests were performed using the ball-on-plate method in reciprocating motion using a steel ball. Tribological testing of the coatings included determining the effect of contact force on wear and the value of the kinetic coefficient of friction of the friction pairs tested. The study determined the optimum chemical composition of the Ti-Al composite coatings to improve wear properties.

PL

Możliwość zastosowania metody niskociśnieniowego natrysku zimnym gazem (LPCS) do tworzenia powłok kompozytowych jest znana i wykorzystywana od bardzo dawna. Metoda ta pozwala na tworzenie powłok z różnych pod względem fizycznym i chemicznym proszków oraz na regenerację elementów uszkodzonych podczas eksploatacji. Do badań wybrano kompozytowe powłoki tytanu i aluminium przy różnych stężeniach wagowych. Badania przeprowadzono w celu optymalizacji wpływu składu chemicznego powłok kompozytowych na ich właściwości tribologiczne. W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań zużycia tribologicznego powłok kompozytowych nanoszonych z zastosowaniem metody niskociśnieniowego natrysku zimnym gazem (LPCS). Badania odporności na zużycie wykonano przy użyciu metody ball-on-plate, w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym z wykorzystaniem stalowej kulki. Badania tribologiczne powłok obejmowały określenie wpływu siły nacisku na zużycie oraz wartość współczynnika tarcia kinetycznego badanych par trących. Badania pozwoliły określić optymalny skład chemiczny kompozytowych powłok Ti-Al w celu poprawy właściwości eksploatacyjnych.

5

Evaluation of the Wear of an Fe-Al Alloy Turbocharger Rotor Seal Ring under Selected Operating Conditions

Bąkowski Henryk, Cebulski Janusz, Ćwiek Janusz

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 1

19--26

EN

This publication presents the possibility of extending the service life of the rotor shaft seal ring in an automotive turbocharger by using an intermetallic Al-Fe alloy. Comprehensive results of tribological, metallographic and profilometric tests of this alloy (vacuum cast) operating in a sliding association on a T-05 bench allowed the representation of a real friction node. Based on empirical tests, it will be possible to determine which alloy (Al-Fe alloy or the one currently used for sealing rings of a car turbocharger rotor shaft) has better tribological properties. For this purpose, the research was based on an experiment that assumes three main factors determining the wear of the tested association. The result of the experimental plan was to obtain threedimensional diagrams showing the influence of the wear factors on the friction force and surface topography.

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono możliwość wydłużenia czasu eksploatacji pierścienia uszczelniającego wałka wirnika w turbosprężarce samochodowej poprzez zastosowanie międzymetalicznego stopu Al-Fe. Kompleksowe wyniki badań tribologicznych, metalograficznych oraz profilometrycznych tego stopu (odlewanego próżniowo) pracującego w skojarzeniu ślizgowym na stanowisku T-05 pozwoliły na odzwierciedlenie rzeczywistego węzła tarcia. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych będzie można stwierdzić, który ze stopów (stop Al-Fe czy obecnie stosowany na pierścienie uszczelniające wałka wirnika turbosprężarki samochodowej) posiada lepsze właściwości tribologiczne. W tym celu badania oparto na eksperymencie, który zakłada trzy główne czynniki decydujące o zużyciu badanego skojarzenia. W wyniku przeprowadzonego planu eksperymentu możliwe było uzyskanie wykresów trójwymiarowych ujmujących wpływ czynników eksploatacyjnych na siłę tarcia oraz topografię powierzchni.

6

Comparison of assembly holes quality after drilling and helical milling of the Al/CFRP stacks

Doluk Elżbieta

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2023

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nr 4

3--12

EN

Hybrid sandwich structures composed of aluminium alloys and CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) are now frequently used in the aerospace industry. One of the factors inhibiting their application is the difficult processing resulting from the anisotropic nature of this type of construction. These materials are often joined by screws or rivets requiring mounting holes. One of the main problems is ensuring the quality of the holes after machining. The aim of this study is to assess the hole quality (dimensional and shape accuracy) and the occurrence of delamination after machining of a Al 2024/CFRP sandwich structure. In this experiment drilling and helical milling results were compared. A traditional HSS twist drill and a PCD milling cuter with a straight cut were used. The machining was carried out with a variable cutting speed. The tests were performed for two strategy of the machining - Al/CFRP (Al 2024 T3 - Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) and CFRP/Al (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer - Al 2024 T3).

PL

Hybrydowe konstrukcje przekładkowe składające się ze stopów aluminium i kompozytów epoksydowo-węglowych (CFRP) są obecnie często stosowane w przemyśle lotniczym. Jednym z czynników hamujących ich zastosowanie jest trudna obróbka wynikająca z dużej anizotropowości tego typu materiałów. Konstrukcje te są często łączone za pomocą połączeń śrubowych lub nitowych wymagających otworów montażowych. Jednym z głównych problemów jest zapewnienie jakości otworów po obróbce. Celem artykułu jest ocena jakości otworów (dokładności wymiarowo-kształtowej) oraz występowania delaminacji po obróbce konstrukcji przekładkowej Al 2024/CFRP. W eksperymencie porównano wyniki wiercenia i frezowania spiralnego. Zastosowano tradycyjne wiertło kręte wykonane ze stali szybkotnącej oraz frez węglikowy o prostych zębach pokrytych powłoką diamentową (PKD). Obróbka została przeprowadzona ze zmienną prędkością skrawania. Testy przeprowadzono dla dwóch strategii obróbki - Al/CFRP (stop aluminium/kompozyt epoksydowo-węglowy) i CFRP/Al (kompozyt epoksydowo-węglowy/stop aluminium).

7

Morphological asymmetry in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus (Family: Sparidae) and Planiliza klunzingeri (Family: Mugilidae), collected from brackish and freshwater environments in southern Iraq

Jawad Laith A., Al-Saboonchi Azhar A., Musa Zainab J., Nazal Azhar M., Al-Dirawi Ahmed M. H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 2

228--239

EN

Morphological asymmetry was analysed in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri,in brackish and freshwater habitats in southern Iraq. For bothspecies, specimens from the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal exhibited greater asymmetry values for snout length. In both locations examined, the levels of asymmetry of the physical traits increased as the fish grew. The high levels of asymmetry in the two fish species may be linked to heavy metal pollutants in the two aquatic environments studied.

8

Effect of ball milling on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and development of Al-hBN nanocomposites by powder metallurgy route

Ghosh Arka, Shukla Uddeshya, Sahoo Nityananda, Ganguly Sourav, Shrivastava Pankaj, Kumar Lailesh, Alam Syed Nasimul

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 1

68--93

EN

This study reports on the exfoliation of bulk hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) by high-energy ball milling and the development of Al-hBN (alumninum-hexagonal boron nitride) nanocomposites by the powder metallurgy (PM) route via the incorporation of the exfoliated hBN in the Al matrix as a nanoreinforcement. The effect of ball milling on the morphology, crystallite size, lattice strain, and thermal stability of hBN powder have also been reported in this paper. Commercially available bulk hBN was ball milled for up to 30 hours in a high-energy planetary ball mill in order to exfoliate the hBN. Although no new phases were formed during milling, which was confirmed by the XRD (x-ray powder diffraction) spectra, ball milling resulted in the attachment of functional groups like hydroxyl (OH) and amino (NH2) groups on the surface of the hBN, which was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis. HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy) analysis confirmed the synthesis of hBN having few atomic layers of hBN stacked together after 20 hours of milling. After 20 hours of milling, the hBN particle size was reduced from ~1 μm to ~400 nm, while the crystallite size of the 20-hourmilled hBN powder was found to be ~18 nm. Milling resulted in a flake-like structure in the hBN. Although milling involved both exfoliation as well as reagglomeration of the hBN particles, a significant decrease in the diameter of the hBN particles and their thickness was observed after a long period of milling. The average thickness of the 20-hour-milled hBN flakes was found to be ~32.61 nm. HRTEM analysis showed that the hexagonal structure of the milled hBN powder was maintained. Al-based nanocomposites reinforced with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight hBN were fabricated by PM route. The Al-hBN powder mixtures were cold-compacted and sintered at 550◦C for 2 hours in argon (Ar) atmosphere. The maximum relative density of ~94.11% was observed in the case of Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite. Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite also showed a significant improvement in hardness and wear resistance compared to the pure Al sample that was developed in a similar fashion. The maximum compressive strength of ~999 MPa was observed in the case of Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite and was approximately twice that of the pure Al sample developed in a similar fashion.

9

Use of Spatial Remote Sensing to Study the Temporal Evolution of the Water Retention of Al Massira Dam in Morocco

Bounif Mohammed, Rahimi Abdelmejid, Boutafoust Rachid, El Mjiri Ikram

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

340--349

EN

In Morocco, irrigated agriculture is still very much linked to the climate and the water retention of dams. With climate change, this country is experiencing recurrent drought, which has led to deficits in water inflow from the rivers to the various dams. The Al Massira dam, the area of study, does not escape this trend. This dam is the only surface water source for the irrigated area of Doukkala. Therefore, special attention must be paid to monitoring this resource at this dam. Thus, the proposed study examined the possibilities offered by spatial remote sensing to improve the current information system. It aims to evaluate this dam’s reservoir by exploiting the data generated by using satellite images. The Landsat satellite images were used to assess the area of this dam by adopting an approach combining spectral indices with thresholding. Then, the existing relationship between the area of the dam lake were examined, determined by spatial remote sensing and its water retention measured in situ. The results obtained revealed a strong correlation between the two parameters. Therefore, a study was conducted to find the best model for predicting the dam’s impoundment based on its lake. The second-degree polynomial model showed a better performance. Given the results obtained, it is recommended to use geospatial methods in the current and prospective monitoring and steering system of water resources.

10

Investigating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Coastal Areas – Case Study of Al-Hoceima Bay, Morocco

Achoukhi Iliass, El Hammoudani Yahya, Dimane Fouad, Haboubi Khadija, Bourjila Abdelhak, Haboubi Chaimae, Benaissa Chaimae, Elabdouni Aouatif, Faiz Hatim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

176--190

EN

The issue of microplastics pollution is gaining increasing attention as a global environmental concern. These tiny particles, measuring no more than 5 mm in size and coming in various shapes, can affect all types of marine eco-systems as they are easily consumed by a wide range of marine species. Al-Hoceima Bay, with its semi-enclosed nature and heavily affected anthropized coastline, was chosen as the study area for this research. The main objective was to investigate the presence of various microplastic types in Al-Hoceima Bay by implementing a sampling strategy along the coastline. This comprehensive approach was applied on a local scale within the bay (located in the northwest Mediterranean). Three stations were established in the bay, each located at different levels: the supralittoral, medilittoral and interlittoral. Microplastics were collected from these locations and classified into four categories based on their abundance. Digital microscopy was used to count the plastic particles and they were identified by Fourier transform-attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results showed a higher presence of microplastics in water at 114 particles/L compared to sediment at 70 particles/L. The classification of samples revealed fibers as the most prevalent form, followed by fragments and films being the least commonly found. The abundance of fibers was found to be higher in water 90%, while in sediment it was 31%, however, fragments and leaves were found in higher concentrations in sediment. Polypropylene and polyethylene were identified as the major polymers used in the microplastics analyzed.

11

Evaluation of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Water Quality in the Middle Section of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq

Moyel Mohammad Salim, Akbar Manal Mohammad, Hussain Najah Abood

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

297--311

EN

The Shatt al-Arab river is the main water source in the Basrah province, subjected to significant environmental and hydrological changes that have led to the complete degradation of its ecosystem, particularly the middle section. Nineteen water quality variables were selected to assess spatio-temporal changes in the middle section. Eight variables were chosen with the most significant impact on the Shatt al-Arab River water quality in calculating the water quality index (WQI). These variables were measured every month from December 2020 to November 2021 at five observation stations (Abu-Flous, Mhela, Baradeyea and Maqal) located on the main river and one on the Karmat Ali canal, which connects the Shatt al-Arab River with east Hammar marsh. The study was divided into two seasons of the year, the wet season (December 2020 – May 2021) and the dry season (July 2021 – November 2021), in the calculation of the WQI and its annual calculation. The results of the current study show deterioration in the values of most water quality variables, particularly those related to dissolved salts and organic and bacterial pollution. Water quality was also classified as poor on the WQI scale at all stations for the duration of the study. The results of the WQI indicated the deterioration in the quality of the water middle section, particularly during dry season. The degradation of the waters of the middle section of the Shatt al-Arab River is due to two main factors: increase salinity and organic pollution. In general, the Shatt al-Arab River and the middle section in particular, need comprehensive management, including a clear and expeditious plan to identify and address the degradation of the river’s environment, which has a great importance to all residents of the Basrah province.

12

Estimation of Suspended Sediment Load Using Artificial Neural Network in Khour Al Zubair Port, Iraq

Hassan Ayman A., Ibrahim Husham T., Al-Aboodi Ali H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

54--64

EN

The port of Khour Al-Zubair is located 60.0 km south of the city centre of Basrah; it is also located 105.0 kilometres from the northern tip of the Arabian Gulf. The main goal of this paper is to estimate the concentration of suspended deposit (SSC) in “Khour Al-Zubair” port using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) based on hydraulic and local boundary parameters while also studying the effect of these parameters on estimating the SSC. Five input parameters (channel width, water depth, discharge, cross-section area, and flow velocity) are used for estimating SSC. Different input hydraulic and local boundary parameter combinations in the three sections (port center, port south, and port north) were used for creating nine models. The use of both hydraulic and local boundary parameters for SSC estimation is very important in the port area for estimating sediment loads without the need for field measurements, which require effort and time.

13

Dual Application of Al-Kheriat of Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution and Acting as Rodenticide

Al-Jendeel Haider Abdulkareem, Rasheed Hala Abdulkareem, Ahmedzeki Nada Sadoon, Alhassani Maha Hadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

16--26

EN

Arsenic is a prevalent and pervasive environmental contaminant with varied amounts in drinking water. Arsenic exposure causes cancer, cardiovascular, liver, nerve, and ophthalmic diseases. The current study aimed to find the best conditions for eliminating arsenic from simulated wastewater and their effect on biomarkers of hepatic in mice. Adsorption tests including pH, contact duration, Al-kheriat dosage, and arsenic concentrations were evaluated. Seventy-two healthy albino mice (male) were accidentally allocated into nine groups (n = 8), the first group was considered as healthy control, the second group (AL-Kheriat), and other groups received AL-Kheriat and arsenic 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 mg/kg, respectively. Next 10 days, the following were examined: LD50 level, ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase), besides the histological condition of the liver. The results showed that the best time for arsenic removal was 4 hours, pH 8, Alkheriat dose 1 gram, and 50 ppm of pollutants. The level of alkaline phosphatase ALP, alanine transaminase ALT, and aspartate transaminase AST was increased to 150.96 (U/L), 143.1(U/L), and 32.8(U/L), respectively, in Al-Khriet and arsenic exposed population than the healthy control group, When the appropriate dose of Al-Khriet and arsenic mixture is used, it can aid in the selection of a safe way of disposing of the adsorbed residue. Additionally, it can serve as a low-cost rodent pesticide, increasing the commercial viability of this removal strategy.

14

Assessment of the Al-Abbasiyah River (Iraq) Water Quality for Drinking Purposes Using the Water Quality Index and GIS Software

Al Yousif Mustafa A., Chabuk Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

157--174

EN

All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natural resources of water. However, this valuable resource is becoming increasingly threatened by the increasing population as well as the growing demand for quality water for domestic and economic purposes. Hence the requirement for ongoing river water quality monitoring and assessment. In this research, the water quality (WQ) of the Al-Abbasiyah River was assessed for drinking uses in the dry and wet seasons using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and GIS software. Eighteen physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured in 2022 (dry season) and 2023 (wet season) by collecting samples from eight locations along the river. These parameters are: Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD5, alkalinity, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, K+, TH, and SO4-2. The average of the measured water parameters showed that some of these parameters exceeded the standards limit of the WHO in all locations such as (Alk, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4-2) and at some locations such as (TDS, Turbidity, and HCO3-). During the dry season, the WA-WQI values varied between 70.33 in (L4) within the category of “poor” and 119.87 in (L7) within the category of “unsuitable”, while in the wet season varied between 49.71 in (L5) within the category of “good”, and 79.35 in (L2) within the category of “poor”. Thus, the water of the Al-Abbasiyah River was unfit for drinking directly and must undergo treatment before use in both seasons.

15

Assessment of eggshell and CaCO3 reinforced recycled aluminium green metal matrix

Hasan L. M., Ali A. M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 118, nr 2

57--61

EN

Purpose In this study, an environmentally friendly metal matrix was prepared, and the influence of eggshell powder and CaCO3 particles on the tensile strength and hardness of recycled aluminium were assessed. Design/methodology/approach A matrix made of recycled aluminium was employed. Calcium carbonate and eggshells served as the study's reinforcing materials. Separately, weight percentages of 2, 4, and 8% of eggshell and calcium carbonate were used. The samples were made by sand-casting. Findings The results showed that both eggshell and calcium carbonate positively affect the hardness, yield, and ultimate tensile strength of recycled aluminium. The hardness values were improved as the percentage of the eggshell increased. The maximum hardness was achieved at 2% calcium carbonate. Similarly, the highest improvement of yield strength was for 2% CaCO3 addition, while the highest tensile strength was obtained at 8% eggshell addition. Research limitations/implications To get better results, it would be desirable to use finer eggshells than those utilized in this study. Practical implications Composites made with an aluminium matrix exhibit exceptional mechanical and physical characteristics. The most challenging obstacle to overcome is the cost of metal matrix composites. Eggshells are a by-product that could be employed as a lightweight, affordable form of reinforcement. One way to get rid of this by-product, improve composite characteristics, and lower the cost of aluminium composite is to use eggshells. Originality/value A comparative investigation was carried out to determine the effects of adding agricultural by-product eggshell, and commercial CaCO3 reinforcement material on the characteristics of recycled aluminium matrix integrated 425 µm sized eggshell and CaCO3 separately as a reinforcement material to create a metal matrix that is beneficial to the environment.

16

Optimization of drilling parameters for aluminum metal matrix composite using entropy-weighted TOPSIS under MQL conditions

Ghalme Sachin G., Karolczak Paweł

Engineering Transactions

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2023

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Vol. 71, iss. 4

595--616

EN

The aim of the present work is to understand the effect of drilling parameters (drill speed and feed rate) during the drilling of a Saffil fiber-reinforced Al metal matrix composite (MMC) under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition. The effect of drilling parameters on individual response characteristics is evaluated and the optimum drilling parameters are also investigated using a multi-response optimization technique known as the entropy-weighted technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (EWTOPSIS). The drilling parameter optimization is performed with the aim of minimizing surface roughness in the drilled hole, roundness error in the drilled hole and feed force during drilling. The drilling parameters have a significant effect on individual responses. Weights were assigned to each response using the entropy weight method, and closeness coefficients were calculated to obtain the optimal level for the drilling parameters. A drill speed of 11 m/min and a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev are the optimal combination to minimize the desired output responses simultaneously.

17

Stacje i instalacje elektryczne – Komitet Studiów B3

Samek Sławomir

Energetyka

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2023

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nr 3

155--171

PL

Zaprezentowano zagadnienia przygotowane w formie referatów i omówione podczas dyskusji w trakcie Sesji Technicznej Komitetu Studiów B3 Stacje i instalacje elektryczne. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na budowanie i utrzymywanie poprawnych relacji pomiędzy energetyką a środowiskiem naturalnym, w tym promocję technologii neutralnych bądź nawet wspierających środowisko naturalne, w tym rozwiązań wolnych od gazu SF6, techniki próżniowej dla wyłączników wysokiego napięcia i stosowanie w rozdzielnicach z izolacją gazową powietrza syntetycznego bądź mieszanek fluoronitrylu. Godne zauważenia są także nowoczesne technologie informatyczne wspierające proces tworzenia i użytkowania obiektów elektroenergetycznych. Wymieniono modelowanie trójwymiarowe pozwalające na etapie projektowania przewidywać wszelkie zdarzenia, jakie mogą pojawić się w trakcie budowy i eksploatacji i skutecznie nimi zarządzać oraz drukowanie trójwymiarowe, które pomaga szybko i w miarę tanio tworzyć części zamienne dla aparatów i urządzeń. Odrębny obszar zagadnień to właściwe podejście do zabiegów o charakterze konserwacyjnym i naprawczym. Obserwuje się zdecydowaną preferencję dla interwencji wynikających z aktualnego stanu elementu, w miejsce dotychczas stosowanych przeglądów okresowych, realizowanych w stałych odstępach czasowych. Podano informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa ludzi pracujących w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie elementów czynnych i w obszarze oddziaływania pól elektromagnetycznych.

EN

Presented are issues prepared in the form of papers and discussed during Technical Session of the Study Committee B3 Substations and electrical installations. Special attention was paid to building and maintaining proper relationships between energy industry and natural environment including promotion of technologies which are neutral or even supporting the natural environment like SF6 free solutions, vacuum technology for HV circuit-breakers and application of synthetic air or fluoronitrile compounds in gas-insulated switchgears. Worth noting are also modern information technologies supporting the process of creation and operation of power facilities. Mentioned is also three-dimensional modelling enabling at the designing stage to foresee all events that can occur during building and operation and then manage them effectively as well as three-dimensional printing that helps quickly and quite cheap to produce spare parts for equipment and various devices. A distinct area of issues is the proper attitude to maintenance and repair works. Observed is a strong preference for interventions resulting from the actual state of an element in place of previously applied routine inspections carried out at regular intervals. Given are informations concerning security of people working in the immediate vicinity of active elements and in the area of the EMF impact.

18

Using GPS and Run-Off Rates Data to Study the Close Monitoring Networks for Dams – Al-Kut Barrages as a Case Study

Saiwan Malik Khalaf, Hamdoon Rana Mozahim, Al-Zuhairy Mudhaffar Sadiq

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

87--93

EN

The dams and barrages are among the most important engineering structures for water supply, flood control, agriculture, and electric power generation. Monitoring the horizontal and vertical deformation of the barrage’s body and identifying the risk it’s so important to maintain the dam and also to reduce costs. Where in this research the case of the Al-Kut barrage is studied by observing the body of the barrage using surveying devices through (GPS) by taking spatial observations of the two networks of stations, the horizontal and vertical networks. Then compare them with the observations of previous years to determine the magnitude of the deformation through the differences between the observations. By calculating the differences and finding the displacement of surveying observations from 2014 to 2021, It was found that the highest and least displacements in the horizontal stations is 50 and 11 mm, respectively. Also, for the vertical network observations, the highest and lowest differences in elevation were 11and 3 mm, respectively. Where, the results showed a slight deformation within the acceptable limits. In addition, the annual and monthly discharge rates for a number of years were evaluated to observe the extent of the impact of run-off rates on increasing sedimentation at the upstream of Al-Kut barrage. It was found that the accumulation of sediment on the river’s left bank affected the gates’ efficiency and put pressure on the other gates, which led to some operational issues in the barrage gates.

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Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Kamari Salim, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Makan Abdelhadi, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

EN

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

20

Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves from Ajdir, Al Hoceima Province, Morocco

Labhar Amina, Benamari Omar, El-Mernissi Yahya, Salhi Amin, Ahari Mhamed, El Barkany Soufiane, Amhamdi Hassan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

172--177

EN

Pistacia lentiscus L. (PL) is a shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders in the Commune of Ajdir from Al Hociema province. The conducted study focused on determination of the polyphenols and flavonoids contents by spectrophotometric and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Determining total polyphenols shows the aqueous extract with a higher concentration of 125.04±0.01 mg EAG/g ES, followed by the ethanolic extract of 108.16±0.02 mg EAG/g ES. Determination of flavonoids revealed that the hexanoic extract contains a maximum of flavonoids with a level of 90.60±0.01 mg EQ/g ES. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was determined through two methods: DPPH and FRAP. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity. Further, regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the ethanolic extract has good activity inhibition (92.65±0.67) followed by aqueous extract (94±0.29) at 1000 μg/mL concentration. This study found that the ethanolic extracts from PL leaves are a powerful natural antioxidant and effective anti-inflammatory agent. The results indicate the extract’s effectiveness and highlight the importance of medicinal plants from the Commune of Ajdir.