Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analiza korelacji między chemiczną modyfikacją hepcydyny-25 a inwazją i przerzutami raka płaskonabłonkowego przełyku

Enna Liu, Xiuxia Wang

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2025

|

T. 104, nr 10

1018--1023

PL

Zaproponowano strategię wykorzystania nieredukujących wiązań tioeterowych jako substytutów do wykrywania wymiany wiązań disiarczkowych między małymi białkami bogatymi w disiarczki a ich receptorami. Syntony diaminodikwasowe zostały osadzone w pozycjach 4 par wiązań disiarczkowych w hepcydynie poprzez syntezę peptydową w fazie stałej, tworząc pochodne hepcydyny zawierające wiązania tioeterowe.

EN

A strategy of using non reducing thioether bonds as substitutes to detect disulfide bond exchange between disulfide-rich small proteins and their receptors was proposed. The diaminodiacid synthons were embedded into the positions of 4 pairs of disulfide bonds in hepcidin protein by solid-phase peptide synthesis, forming thioether bond-contg. hepcidin derivatives.

2

Porównanie zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w różnych typach mięs z rozróżnieniem sposobu przygotowania przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej

Gowin Aleksandra, Miklusiak Krystyna, Krakowska Agata

Analit

|

2025

|

Nr 15

25--32

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono analizę zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w trzech rodzajach mięs dostępnych w popularnym supermarkecie. Użyto mięsa drobiowego, wieprzowego oraz wołowego. Każde z mięs było badane w stanie surowym, ugotowane w wodzie destylowanej oraz usmażone na oleju roślinnym. Wszystkie próbki zostały poddane mineralizacji przy użyciu perhydrolu oraz kwasu azotowego. Analizę zawartości poszczególnych pierwiastków przeprowadzono przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej.

EN

This article analyzes the content of magnesium, zinc, and iron in three types of meat available in a popular supermarket. Poultry, pork, and beef were used for the study. Each type of meat was examined in its raw state, cooked in distilled water, and fried in vegetable oil. All samples were mineralized using hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid. The analysis of the individual element contents was conducted using atomic absorption spectrometry.

3

Research into the Properties of Magnetic Fluids Produced by Milling Technology

Szczęch Marcin, Horak Wojciech

Tribologia

|

2024

|

nr 1

127--133

EN

Magnetic fluids are substances with controllable rheological properties, containing nano- or micro- sized particles with magnetic properties suspended in a carrier fluid. The production of such fluids poses various challenges, but the critical issue is the fabrication of magnetically active particles of known size and required properties. They are usually produced using the ‘bottom-up’ method, where larger structures are formed during chemical synthesis and physical processes. This method is the most economical and practical in terms of efficiency, mainly when producing nanoparticles. The essence of the second method, ‘top-down,’ involves the fragmentation of the material, mainly through chemical-mechanical processes like milling. This method takes more time but does not involve the generation of environmentally harmful substances. It is characterized by simplicity and provides greater control over the sizes of the produced particles. The paper presents the results of research on the production of magnetic fluids based on carbonyl iron powder, which was fragmented using a planetary micro-mill. Powders differing in particle size and magnetic properties were considered. Oleic acid and oleoyl sarcosine were used as surfactants. Particle size and rheological properties of the obtained magnetic fluids were examined. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of producing magnetic fluids on a laboratory scale with designed physicochemical parameters. The research outcome is developing a procedure for obtaining a magnetic fluid that combines ferrofluid and magnetorheological fluid characteristics.

PL

Ciecze magnetyczne to substancje o sterowalnych właściwościach reologicznych, zawierające nano- lub mikrocząstki o właściwościach magnetycznych, zawieszone w cieczy. Problematyka wytwarzania tego typu cieczy obejmuje szereg wyzwań, jednak kluczowym zagadnieniem jest sposób wytwarzania aktywnych magnetycznie cząstek o znanym rozmiarze i wymaganych właściwościach. W większości przypadków wytwarzane są one metodą „bottom-up”, czyli większe struktury powstają podczas syntezy chemicznej oraz przy pomocy procesów fizycznych. Jest to metoda najbardziej ekonomiczna i praktyczna ze względu na wydajność, szczególnie w przypadku wytwarzania nanocząstek. Istota drugiej metody „top-down” polega na rozdrabnianiu materiału, głównie za pomocą procesów chemiczno-mechanicznych jak mielenie. Wiąże się to z dłuższym czasem, ale metoda ta nie wiąże się z generowaniem szkodliwych dla środowiska substancji. Cechuje się ona prostotą oraz występuje większa możliwość kontroli rozmiarów wytwarzanych cząstek. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wytwarzania cieczy magnetycznych na bazie proszku żelaza karbonylkowego, który rozdrabniano z wykorzystaniem mikromłynka planetarnego. Wzięto pod uwagę proszki różniące się wielkością cząstek oraz właściwościami magnetycznymi. Jako surfaktant zastosowano kwas oleinowy oraz sarkozynian oleilowy. Zbadano wielkość cząstek oraz właściwości reologiczne otrzymanych cieczy magnetycznych. Celem pracy było określenie możliwości wytwarzania cieczy magnetycznych w skali laboratoryjnej o projektowanych parametrach fizykochemicznych. Rezultatem prac jest opracowanie procedury otrzymywania cieczy magnetycznej łączącej cechy ferrocieczy oraz cieczy magnetoreologicznej.

4

Czy specjacja pierwiastków w wodzie ma sens? Część V - formy chemiczne żelaza w wodzie

Rychlewski Paweł, Zembrzuska Joanna, Kamgar Elham, Różańska Maria

Technologia Wody

|

2024

|

Nr 1 (83)

51-54

PL

Żelazo (Fe) jest metalicznym pierwiastkiem chemicznym z grupy metali przejściowych. W strukturze Ziemi występuje w wielu formach alotropowych jako żelazo metaliczne oraz jako składowa: tlenków, siarczków czy węglanów. Żelazo przenika ze skorupy ziemskiej do systemów wodnych, gdzie jest jonem o wartościowości +II lub+III. Pierwiastek ten jest niezbędnym makroelementem dla życia i rozwoju organizmów wodnych. Dla zwierząt oraz ludzi żelazo jest mikroelementem budującym wiele różnych enzymów i protein oraz stanowi atom centralny cząsteczki hemoglobiny, niezbędnej do przenoszenia tlenu. Zarówno jego nadmiar oraz niedobór w ludzkim organizmie może nieść za sobą różne reakcje niepożądane takie jak anemia lub uszkodzenie wątroby.

EN

Iron(Fe) is a metallic element from the group of transition metals. In the structure of the Earth, it occurs in many allotropic forms as metallic iron and as a component of oxides, sulfides, or carbonates. Iron penetrates from the earth's crust into water systems, where it can be found as an ion with a valence of+II or+III. This element is an essential macroelement for the life and development of aquatic organisms. For animals and humans, iron is a microelement that builds many different enzymes and proteins. It is also the central atom of the hemoglobin molecule, necessary for carrying oxygen. Both its excess and efficiency ,in the human body may result in various side effects such as anemia or liver damage.

5

Advancements in transition to green steel in Europe through direct reduced iron production

Szemalikowska Alicja

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

|

2024

|

Vol. 68, No. 2

art. no. 2

EN

This article describes the current situation in Europe regarding methods of steel production and transition to green steel, produced in a sustainable way, i.e. with renewable energy and without fossil fuels, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The study focuses on direct reduction (DR) as potentially the best technology to eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the steel industry. The main commercial processes of direct reduced iron (DRI) production such as MIDREX, Energiron, PERED, SL/RN, Fastmet and Circored are described and compared in terms of the quality of finished products, operational conditions and efficiency. The article presents recent statistics regarding the production capacity of DRI, comparing Europe with the rest of the world. Plans concerning the construction of DRI plants across Europe are summarised alongside other projects aimed to support the process of transition to green steel by providing environmentally friendly materials or increasing efficiency of already implemented technologies by recycling waste materials.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł opisuje obecną sytuację w Europie w zakresie metod produkcji stali i przejścia na zieloną stal w celu zmniejszenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Koncentruje się na bezpośredniej redukcji (DR) jako potencjalnie najlepszej technologii eliminującej zużycie paliw kopalnych w przemyśle stalowym. Główne komercyjne procesy produkcji bezpośrednio redukowanego żelaza (DRI), takie jak MIDREX, Energiron, PERED, SL/RN, Fastmet i Circored, zostały opisane i porównane pod względem jakości produktu końcowego, warunków operacyjnych i wydajności. Przedstawiono najnowsze statystyki dotyczące zdolności produkcyjnych DRI, porównując Europę i resztę świata. Ogłoszone plany budowy zakładów DRI w całej Europie zostały podsumowane wraz z innymi projektami, które mają na celu pomoc w przejściu na zieloną stal poprzez dostarczanie materiałów przyjaznych dla środowiska lub zwiększenie wydajności już wdrożonych technologii poprzez recykling materiałów odpadowych.

6

Mosty chińskie wczesnego średniowiecza - pierwsze w świecie z żelaznymi łańcuchami nośnymi

Maślak Mariusz

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

|

2024

|

R. 80, nr 7

411--418

PL

Omówiono wczesnośredniowieczne realizacje wybranych mostów chińskich. Ograniczono się jedynie do tych, do których wznoszenia zastosowano w praktyce wykonane z żelaza łańcuchy nośne. Były to najpierw odpowiednio wzmocnione mosty pontonowe, a następnie klasyczne mosty wiszące o stosunkowo dużych rozpiętościach. Obiekty prezentowane w artykule wyprzedzają o tysiąclecie słynny żelazny most wybudowany w angielskim Coalbrookdale.

EN

Early medieval implementations of selected Chinese bridges are discussed. Only those of them for which iron load-bearing chains were used in practice are presented in detail. First, these were suitably reinforced pontoon bridges and then classical suspension bridges with relatively large spans. The structures considered in the article precede the famous iron bridge built in Coalbrookdale, England, by a thousand years.

7

Radiocarbon measurements of iron girders from Aachen cathedral

Hüls Christian Matthias

Folia Quaternaria

|

2024

|

nr 92

79--90

EN

Radiocarbon dating of ancient iron and steel has been successfully demonstrated over the past decades. Yet, interpretation of the results could get complicated in view of possible contamination with exogeneous carbon from a) old wood used to produce coal, b) flux additives such as calcites, and c) cutting tools used in sampling. The latter contamination can be minimized to below common measurement uncertainties. Sample material from two iron girders of the Carolingian Palace Chapel as well as from two iron beams from the Gothic Annex of Aachen Cathedral became available for radiocarbon dating during renovation work. In addition, wood and charcoal from the basement and the roof of the palace chapel were radiocarbon dated, providing information regarding the age range of wooden material used during the construction as well as an age reference for the iron dates. Radiocarbon measurements from the extracted carbon of the Carolingian iron girders are in good agreement with the historical erection dates, i.e. between CE793–813. In contrast, radiocarbon measurements from the iron beams of the Gothic Annex are highly variable due to a) contamination of iron with exogeneous carbon from recent reconstructions, i.e. welding of modern iron with a fossil carbon signature, and b) because of heterogeneous iron forged together, probably typical for medieval iron made by blast furnace technique.

8

Iron behaviour and soil properties in hydromorphic soils of Beni Moussa, Tadla plain, Morocco

Salmi Abdessalam, El Baghdadi Mohamed, Mosaid Hassan, Barakat Ahmed, Hilali Abdessamad

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2024

|

Vol. 31, nr 3

365--383

EN

This study aims to determine the behaviour of iron and its relation to the physicochemical properties in the hydromorphic soils of the Tadla plain (Morocco). An extensive analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) from a statistical perspective was employed to ensure a comprehensive examination. The results reveal that the organic matter (OM) shows very high values, likely due to the collected samples near the sewerage network. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements indicate that all the samples have positive and low values, indicating an abundance of paramagnetic minerals (such as ilmenite, siderite, and clay minerals). The iron concentration [ppm] increases from the top to the bottom of the Rivers, suggesting migration in a reduced form. Pearson’s correlation coefficients indicate that OM is positively correlated with cation exchange capacity (CEC) (r = 0.83) and electrical conductivity (EC) (r = 0.85) but negatively correlated with MS (r = –0.57) and iron oxide (r = 0.42). Calcium carbonate content (CaCO3) is positively correlated with sand (r = 0.49), but negatively with MS (r = –0.7). Iron (Fe) is positively correlated with frequency-dependent (FD) (r = 0.7), but negatively with sand (r = –0.608). Clay is strongly negatively correlated with silt (r = –0.88) and oxalate extractable iron oxides (Feo) (r = –0.55), respectively. These findings suggest that the physicochemical features of Beni Moussa hydromorphic soils are strongly linked and that iron in the soil is required for the stability of specific soil components.

9

Sequential use of coagulation and adsorption methods for COD removal from soft drink industry wastewater

Sever Ece, Öztürk Tuba, Güneş Elçin

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2024

|

Vol. 50, no. 3

122--128

EN

In this study, the effectiveness of sequentially applying coagulation and adsorption processes in treating soft drink industry wastewater was assessed based on COD removal. In the electrocoagulation method with iron electrodes, the highest COD removal occurred at 42%, achieved with a current of 9A and the natural pH of the wastewater at 5.51. In chemical coagulation, using FeCl3•6H2O as a coagulant, the highest removal rate of 23% was achieved at pH 5 with a coagulant dose of 2.5g/L. Activated carbon adsorption, in doses ranging from 10 to 40g/L, was applied to the effluents of both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation at various contact times, up to 150 minutes, resulting in COD removal rates of 42% and 36%, respectively. According to the results, the COD removal efficiencies for the electrocoagulation-adsorption and chemical coagulation-adsorption systems were 66% and 51%, respectively. The findings of this study are important because they demonstrate the necessity of research on the use and development of physicochemical methods for the treatment of soft drink industry wastewater.

10

Evaluation of additive effect on anaerobic sewage sludge digestion

Dauknys Regimantas, Mažeikiene Aušra, Paliulis Dainius

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2024

|

Vol. 50, no. 4

82--92

EN

An additive based on iron oxides was applied to reduce the amount of produced sludge and to increase the production and quality of biogas. The C/N ratio was 11.0–11.3 and the pH of the sludge mixture was 7.3 before the anaerobic digestion. The determined optimal dose of the additive was 0.35 g/g of sludge dry matter over 20 days. This allowed a reduction in the sludge retention time up to 6–11 days. Consequently, maximum biogas production was reached on average 1.6 times faster, volatile solids degradation increased by 56.7%, biogas production increased by 75%, specific biogas production increased by 11.5%, and methane concentration in the biogas increased by 8.4%–18.2%. When the additive was applied, the quantity of phosphate phosphorus in the supernatant was reduced by up to 19%, and hydrogen sulfide reduction efficiency in the biogas ranged between 55% and 62%. In sludge treatment facilities, using an iron oxide-based additive could reduce the dewatering and drying costs for digested sludge by up to 35% .

PL

Zastosowano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza, aby zmniejszyć ilość wytwarzanego osadu i zwiększyć zarówno produkcję, jak i jakość biogazu. Stosunek C/N przed fermentacją beztlenową wynosił 11,0–11,3, a pH kombinacji osadów wynosiło 7,3. Ustalona stosowana dawka dodatku wynosiła 0,35 g/g suchej masy osadu w okresie 20 dni. Pozwoliło to na skrócenie czasu retencji osadu do 6–11 dni, tj. mi. maksymalną produkcję biogazu osiągano średnio 1,6 razy szybciej. Test laboratoryjny przeprowadzono w VILNIUS TECH przy użyciu modelu fermentacji beztlenowej „W8 Armfield Ltd” (Wielka Brytania). Do badań wykorzystano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza. Dokonano pomiarów parametrów osadu i biogazu. Po dodaniu dodatku ilość lotnych substancji stałych ulegających rozkładowi wzrosła o 56,7%, ilość wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosła o 75%, stężenie specyficznego wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosło o 11,5%, a stężenie metanu w biogazie wzrosło o 8,4% do 18,2%. Po przefermentowaniu osadu z dodatkiem ilość fosforu fosforanowego w supernatancie zmniejszyła się aż o 19%, a skuteczność redukcji siarkowodoru w biogazie wynosiła od 55 do 62%. Koszt odwadniania i suszenia osadu przefermentowanego można obniżyć nawet o 35% w oczyszczalniach osadów, w których stosuje się dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza.

11

Uwalnianie jonów żelaza(III) do środowiska pod wpływem roztworów kwaśnych

Drużyńska Martyna, Glanowska Emilia, Greń Karolina, Smajdor Joanna

Analit

|

2024

|

Nr 14

6--9

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestię wymywania żelaza z odpadów przemysłowych. Badaniom zostały poddane trzy próbki: piaski formierskie, żużel ze spalarni odpadów oraz żużel stalowniczy. Na każdą z próbek działano roztworami kwaśnymi imitującymi kwaśne deszcze. Następnie przeprowadzono pomiary wykorzystując metodę spektrometrii UV-Vis, aby sprawdzić ile żelaza (III) uwalnia się z tego typu odpadów.

EN

The article addresses the issue of iron leaching from industrial waste. Three samples were examined: foundry sands, slag from waste incineration, and steel slag. Each sample was treated with acidic solutions simulating acid rain. Subsequently, measurements were conducted using the UV-Vis spectrometry method to determine the amount of iron (III) released from these types of waste.

12

Innovative hydrometallurgy for galvanic sludge sustainable recovery

Brožová Silvie, Drápala Jaromír, Brož Jiří, Macháčková Adéla

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

|

2023

|

Vol. 5, iss. 1

46--56

EN

The manuscript explores the feasibility of recovering zinc and iron from waste galvanic sludge generated during galvanic plating processes. Galvanic sludge, characterized by elevated concentrations of heavy metals, represents a suitable candidate for hydrometallurgical recycling. The primary objective of the experimental and practical phases was to extract zinc and iron through the leaching of galvanic sludge. Leaching procedures were conducted using sulfuric acid at varying temperatures and time durations, augmented by the introduction of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone. Subsequent separation of the leach and filtrate was achieved through filtration. The leachate underwent additional processing involving the precipitation of iron and other metals, employing diverse agents. Following further filtration, electrolysis was employed to attain pure zinc on the cathode, utilizing an electrical voltage of approximately 3 V. Comprehensive chemical analyses were conducted on all intermediate products, including the leachate, leach liquor, filtrate, solid precipitate, and the separated metal on the cathode. The outcomes of these analyses are meticulously presented in tables and graphs.

13

Zanieczyszczenia dawnych papierów fotograficznych drobinkami metali

Kozielec Tomasz

Przegląd Papierniczy

|

2023

|

R. 79, nr 4

207--212

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem występowania w dawnych papierach fotograficznych (XIX-wiecznych) metali przejściowych, szczególnie żelaza. Papiery fotograficzne były produkowane ze szlachetnych mas – szmacianych (len, bawełna), jednakże podczas przetwarzania tego surowca jak również podczas produkcji papieru mogło dochodzić do zanieczyszczania się drobinkami metali. Zanieczyszczenia metaliczne znajdujące się w papierach fotograficznych ujawniały się szczególnie w procesie uczulania papierów azotanem srebra. Tworzyły się wtedy czarne produkty reakcji dostrzegalne w badaniach mikroskopowych, a nawet okiem nieuzbrojonym. Również podczas przygotowywania papierów światłoczułych mogło dochodzić do kontaktu z elementami metalowymi (haczyki, pinezki, gwoździki) i powstawania ciemnych produktów reakcji. Zmiany te mogą budzić niepokój opiekunów zbiorów fotograficznych, konserwatorów podczas badania techniki wykonania lub oceny stanu zachowania, gdyż w pewnym stopniu przypominają zniszczenia biologiczne (ciemne kolonie grzybów). Produkty te były przedmiotem badań z użyciem mikroskopu elektronowego wyposażonego w detektory pierwiastków. Badania przeprowadzono na własnoręcznie wytworzonych odbitkach solnych, które po uczuleniu suszono w formie przypiętej żelaznymi szpilkami. Papiery solne to rodzaj papieru fotograficznego wynaleziony jeszcze w 1. poł. XIX w., powszechnie używany. W badaniach wykazano, że obecność żelaza w procesie uczulania może powodować powstawanie czarnych plamek/struktur w postaci nawet rozległych wykwitów srebra metalicznego. Na zbadanych obszarach wykwitów wykryto także inne pierwiastki – szczególnie złoto (z procesu tonowania) oraz siarkę (z procesu utrwalania). W badaniach potwierdzono część przewidywalnych mechanizmów tworzenia się ciemnych produktów reakcji, na których tworzenie się wywarły m.in. właściwości elektrochemiczne metali. Wskazano także na konieczność prowadzenia dalszych badań.

EN

The article draws attention to the problem of the occurrence of transition metals, especially iron in the form of micro particles, in old photographic papers (mainly from the 19th century). Photo papers were made of precious pulp – rags (linen, cotton), however, during the processing of rags as well as during the production of paper, they could be undesirably contaminated with metals. Also some photographic processes - in particular the use of metal elements (pins, tacks, hooks) during the drying of photographic papers in the process of formation of silver chloride (halide) caused direct, fatal contact of iron with the paper. Metallic impurities in photographic papers were revealed especially in the process of sensitizing papers with silver nitrate. Then, black reaction products were formed, visible in microscopic examinations and even with the naked eye. These changes may cause anxiety to the curators of photographic collections, conservators when examining the technique of making or assessing the state of preservation, because to some extent they resemble biological damage (dark colonies of fungi). These products were examined using an electron microscope equipped with element detectors. The research was carried out on hand-made salt prints (a type of photographic paper invented in the first half of the 19th century, widely used). Studies have shown that the presence of iron in the sensitization process can cause the formation of black spots/structures in the form of even extensive silver efflorescence. Other elements were also detected in the examined areas of silver - especially gold (from the toning process) and sulfur (from the fixing process). The research confirmed some of the predictable mechanisms of dark spot/structure formation caused by the electrochemical properties of metals. The need for further research was also indicated.

14

Mały, a wielki pierwiastek - żelazo i jego rola w życiu człowieka

Martula Emilia, Morak-Młodawska Beata, Jeleń Małgorzata

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

|

2023

|

nr 1

51--56

PL

Anemia, inaczej nazywana niedokrwistością jest jedną najczęściej występujących chorób hematologicznych. Dotyka osoby w każdym wieku: dzieci, dorosłych, a także osoby starsze. Stan ten jest następstwem pewnych zaburzeń dotyczących krwi. Zaliczamy do nich między innymi zbyt niski poziom hemoglobiny, obniżony hematokryt, czyli stosunek liczby czerwonych krwinek do pozostałych składników krwi, a także niski poziom erytrocytów - czerwonych krwinek. Krew osoby z anemią ma ograniczoną zdolność do transportu tlenu, czego efektem jest niedostateczne utlenowanie tkanek i narządów. Najczęściej występującą postacią niedokrwistości jest ta związana z deficytem żelaza, tzw. niedokrwistość syderopeniczna. Niedobór żelaza jest dość częstym zjawiskiem występującym wśród kobiet ze względu na ich fizjologię, ale może być również spowodowany dietą ubogą w ten pierwiastek. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony żelazu ma za zadanie przybliżyć czytelnikowi, jak dużą rolę odgrywa w naszym organizmie, a także jak ważna jest jego prawidłowa suplementacja i jakie negatywne skutki może wywołać jego niedobór.

EN

Anaemia is one of the most common haematological diseases. It affects people of all ages: children, adults as well as the elderly. The condition is a consequence of certain disorders affecting the blood. These include too low a level of haemoglobin, a reduced hematocrit, or the ratio of red blood cells to other blood components, and a low level of erythrocytes - red blood cells. The blood of a person with anaemia has a reduced ability to transport oxygen, resulting in inadequate oxygenation of tissues and organs. The most common form of anaemia is that associated with iron deficiency known as sideropenic anaemia. Iron deficiency is quite common among women, due to monthly menstruation, but it can also be caused by a diet deficient in this element. This article on iron is intended to give the reader an idea of how big a role it plays in our bodies, the importance of its proper supplementation and the negative effects its deficiency con cause.

15

Redesign of iron for assembly cost and time reduction using DFA

Ginting R., Silalahi R.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 117, nr 1

15--24

EN

Purpose: Nowadays, product development is very important to remain competitive in the market, one of which is to reduce the assembly of time and cost design. This article discusses the study of iron products on the market. Based on the problems found in the SMEs of Electronic Services, this iron has many components and complex designs that take time-consuming to assemble. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to redesign the ironing. Design/methodology/approach: Improvements to the design of iron products are based on the problems present in this product. This problem is obtained by distributing questionnaires to Electronic Services SMEs. The improvements are carried out using the Design for Assembly (DFA) method to evaluate the design with ease of assembly processes. Findings: This paper attempt to improve the design of ironing products according to the problems obtained from the initial questionnaire, which is to reduce the assembly time and costs using DFA. Practical implications: The result of these improvements is a reduction in the amount of assembly time and costs and an increase in efficiency. The actual design assembly time is 358.16 to 269.70 seconds on the proposed design. The actual design assembly cost budget is 956.81,- rupiahs, reduced to 720.50, in the proposed design. Then the actual design efficiency of 21.77% increased to 24.74%. Originality/value: Iron design improvements are based on problems and complaints received from the electronic services SMEs, then analysed using the DFA method. Therefore, the improvements in the design of the ironing product are present in two components, that is the back cover and the handle.

16

The influence of selected transition elements on cell metabolism

Terpiłowska Sylwia, Rafińska Katarzyna, Gołębiowski Adrian, Kowalkowski Tomasz, Buszewski Bogusław

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2023

|

Vol. 30, nr 4

471--488

EN

The elements are present in the environment. Moreover, they are used in pharmacy and the production of new materials used in medical applications. They are often as environmental pollutants. They can accumulate in organisms and induce toxic effects on the cellular level. HepG2, L929 and Caco-2 cell lines were exposed to known concentrations of chromium chloride, iron chloride, nickel chloride, molybdenum trioxide and cobalt chloride (200 or 1000 μ M used alone and in combinations). Concentrations of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in the cell lysate and the culture medium were determined by ICP-MS. Moreover, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations were also measured. What is more, cells were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. The dose-dependent increase in the concentration of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in all cell lines after incubation with elements was observed. Potassium concentration decreases while sodium calcium and magnesium increase after incubation of cells with of mentioned elements. The incubation of cells with microelements induces cell morphology changes. The presented study shows the crucial role of tested microelements in the induction of cell death as a result of an imbalance of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentration inside the cell.

17

Substrates with different magnetic properties versus iron-nickel film electrodeposition

Białostocka Anna M., Klekotka Marcin, Klekotka Urszula, Żabiński Piotr R., Kalska-Szostko Beata

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

|

2023

|

R. 28, NR 1-2

157--170

EN

The hereby work presents the iron-nickel alloys electroplated on the different metallic substrates (aluminium, silver, brass) using galvanostatic deposition, with and without presence of the external magnetic field (EMF). The films were obtained in the same electrochemical bath composition - mixture of iron and nickel sulphates (without presence of additives) in the molar ratio of 2 : 1 (Ni : Fe), the electric current density (50.0 mA/cm2), and the time (3600 s). The mutual alignment of the electric (E) and magnetic field (B) was changeable - parallel and perpendicular. The source of EMF was a set of two permanent magnets (magnetic field strength ranged from 80 mT to 400 mT). It was analysed the surface microstructure, composition, morphology, thickness and the mechanical properties (roughness, work of adhesion). The surface morphology and the thickness of films were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The elemental composition of all FeNi films was measured using Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF). The crystalographic analysis of the deposits was carried out by X-Ray Diffraction. Depending on the used substrate, modified external magnetic field orientation influenced the tribological and physio-chemical properties of the deposited layers. The diamagnetic substrates and EMF application reduced the FeNi thickness and the average crystallites size, in contrast to the paramagnetic substrate. Parallel EMF increased the value of the tribological parameters for CuZn and Ag but decreased for Al. The content of FeNi structure was rising in the case of diamagnetic substrate and the dependence was opposite on the paramagnetic substrate.

18

Effects of HE and ECAP processes on changes in microstructure and mechanical properties in copper, iron and zinc

Kulczyk Mariusz, Skorupska Monika, Skiba Jacek, Przybysz Sylwia, Smalc-Koziorowska Julita

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 3

art. no. e145563

EN

The research presented in this paper concerns the influence of the rate of plastic deformation generated directly in the processes of severe plastic deformations on the microstructure and properties of three metals: copper, iron and zinc. The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method was used, and it was performed at a low plastic deformation rate of ∼ 0.04 s−1. The high plastic strain rate was obtained using the hydrostatic extrusion (HE) method with the deformation rate at the level of ∼ 170 s−1. For all three tested materials different characteristic effects were demonstrated at the applied deformation rates. The smallest differences in the mechanical properties were observed in copper, despite the dynamic recrystallization processes that occurred in the HE process. In Armco iron samples, dynamic recovery processes in the range of high plastic deformation rates resulted in lower mechanical properties. The most significant effects were obtained for pure zinc, where, regardless of the method used, the microstructure was clearly transformed into bimodal after the ECAP process, and homogenized and refined after the HE process. After the HE process, the material was transformed from a brittle state to a plastic state and the highest mechanical properties were obtained.

19

Influence of manganese content on the microstructure and properties of AlSi10MnMg(Fe) alloy for die castings

Piątkowski Jarosław, Hejne M., Wieszała R.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 123, nr 1

5--12

EN

Purpose: This paper was to determine the effect of different manganese addition contents from 0.2 to 1.0 wt.% on the microstructure, HB hardness and selected mechanical properties (UTS; YS; EL) of AlSi10MnMg alloy with increased iron content (about 1.0 wt.%). The proportion of iron in the studied alloy is so high because approx. 50% of the charge came from secondary materials. Design/methodology/approach: Chemical composition tests were performed using a Foundry Master Compact 8 emission spectrometer. Static tensile testing at ambient temperature was carried out according to PN-EN ISO 6892-1 on an Instron 3382 using a 20:1 ratio and a constant tensile speed of 5 mm/min-1. Tensile strength (UTS), conventional yield strength (YS), and per cent elongation after rupture of a proportional sample (EL) were determined from this test. Brinell hardness measurement was performed on a Zwick ZHF1, with a loading force of 250 N, with a 5 mm diameter ball for 35 s. Ten measurements were taken, discarding the two outliers, and the arithmetic mean was calculated from the remaining measurements. Metallographic studies were conducted on a MeF-2 Reichert light microscope. X-ray microanalysis studies were carried out on a Hitachi S-3400 scanning microscope coupled to an EDS Voyager X-ray spectrometer equipped with an SE secondary and BSE backscattered electron detector. Chemical composition analysis was performed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS) using a Thermo Noran detector. Findings: Increased iron content in aluminium-silicon alloys is a major concern. It causes a significant reduction in the mechanical properties of the materials. This is due, among other things, to the increasing scarcity of primary materials (high cost and environmentally unjustifiable) versus the increasing share of recycled materials. Based on the study, AlSi10MnMg(Fe) alloys obtained under pressure with higher iron content (about 1% wt.), the optimal value of manganese addition is about 0.58% wt. Practical implications: This research has shown that it is possible to use recycled Al-Si materials. The article presents one way to reduce the negative impact of iron addition to aluminium alloys as a result of reusing this type of material. Originality/value: The article presents the effect of manganese addition on the selected aluminium alloy. It was determined that the addition of manganese in the amount of 0.58% wt. causes a significant reduction in the negative effect of iron phases. The article is intended not only for the academic community but also for specialists in the foundry industry.

20

Rynek surowców żelaza i stali w początkach XXI wieku

Paulo Andrzej, Krzak Mariusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2022

|

Vol. 70, nr 3

156--171

EN

Iron and steel raw materials market evolves rapidly. Global mine production of iron ores and concentrates, metallurgical coal, pig iron and crude steel exceeded 1 billion tonnes at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries or in the first 20years of new millennium. International trade in these fields, as well as trade of such products as coke, ferroalloys and scrap, is also huge. Demand growth rate for steel raw materials, finished and semi-finished steel, and cast iron products is currently the highest among other mineral raw materials. Almost 90% of iron ore supplies come from Australia and Brazil, and the dominant consumer - China - is responsible for almost use. A geographic evolution in the steel production and the consumption of derived products has taken place. China has grown from a secondary crude steel producer and secondary steel products user to a leader with over 50% global share of steel production and a leading exporter of finished products. The iron and steel market has concentrated in the East and South Asia due to high consumption of imported steel raw materials in Japan and South Korea, rapid demand growth in India, investment in energy-efficient scrap processing in Turkey and Iran, while simultaneous reductions in the production capacity of the steel industry in the European Union, former Soviet Union and the US. Market disruption due to Covid-19pandemic appears to be short-lived, and China has strengthened its position. In the first half of 2021, the prices of steel products increased dramatically, which immediately resulted in the change in prices of apartments and other constructions based on this most widely used metal.