Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Urban transformation through connected and automated vehicles: infrastructure, transportation, and societal impacts

Pritom Nixon Deb, Dey Nondon Lal

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 128

199--235

EN

The interconnected and self-driving vehicles (CAVs) are appearing in a world of human travel, where they promise enhanced safety, better efficiency, and a sustainable approach to transportation. But realizing their potential calls for a complete rethinking of today’s infrastructure and CAVs’ place in it. The research needed for that understanding to happen is very much in its early stages. This article serves as a beginning point for a full-scale study of the issue. It looks at the infrastructure changes that will be required to safely integrate CAVs into our lives, changes that already face several very serious obstacles. It also looks at the future societal and governmental changes the CAVs will force upon us. And it considers all these changes in light of what's become an essential landscape for the CAVs: the cybersecurity threat to the millions of lines of code the vehicles rely upon for their safe functioning. At the end, we'll also flag some gaps in what's known so far and what those gaps could mean for a future informed by the knowledge of the past.

2

Software development for selecting an installation option of photo-video fixation for traffic violations

Nguyen Xuan-Hien, Vu Hai-Quan, Trinh Dac-Phong

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 126

161--170

EN

The article discusses the software proposed by the authors for selecting the optimal option for installing a photo-video fixation system of traffic violations. The software uses the Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0 programming language, which is simple, easy to use and provides an overview of the technical solution in the application of the ITS system.

3

Influence of altitude-velocity limitations of physical modelling problems on the main parameters of free flying aircraft models

Betin Denys, Koloskova Hanna, Betin Olexander

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 128

71--81

EN

Reducing the time and cost of aircraft creation can be achieved by improving the accuracy, informativity, and efficiency of flight research results on free flying dynamically similar models (FDSM). In particular, this is ensured by the development, improvement, generalization, and application of theoretical and methodological foundations for the creation of FDSM. This paper is structured from these positions. It does not reveal all the peculiarities of the design, manufacture, and testing of FDSM but shows the influence and dependence of altitude-velocity limitations of physical modelling problems on the main parameters of FDSM. At the same time, a literature review was performed to study and analyze the achievements and problems of physical modeling of aircraft flight on FDSM. The conditions and scales of similarity used in the design, manufacture, ground and flight tests of FDSM, and flight research are considered. The influence on the main parameters of FDSM of modelling problems, together with similarity conditions and the system of relations of parameters of FDSM, of the full-scale aircraft and environment; design conditions; technological limitations; flight-technical requirements; and operational limitations is emphasized. It is established that if mass is taken as the objective function in the design of an FDSM, then in order to achieve its minimum, one should strive to create an FDSM with the minimum possible linear sizes. To take into account the auto-model limitations of modelling problems, a special method for predicting flight characteristics and scientific-research capabilities of an FDSM has been developed and presented.

4

A performance-based approach to airspace optimization using wind-optimal tracks network in Ho Chi Minh FIR

Nguyen Ngoc Hoang Quan, Le Minh Hoang, Dinh Trinh Binh, Nguyen Phuc Ky, Nguyen Thu Thao, Le Toan Thinh, Nguyen Van Tien Son, Nguyen Hoang Vu

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 127

207--222

EN

With the fast-paced development of the aviation industry, air traffic is also increasing, leading to the problem of how to control the traffic safely, and effectively, and increase the capacity of airspace. Therefore, numerous approaches have been taken to cope with this, including optimal models - an effective approach to addressing airspace congestion issues worldwide. However, the application of these models in Vietnam remains relatively limited. In this research, we aim to address the issue of airspace congestion and how to enhance safety and efficiency by developing an algorithm capable of automatically detecting and resolving conflicts. This is achieved by adjusting the entry time and flight level (FL) of aircraft operating within the Wind-Optimal Track Network (WOTN) model that we have developed for the Ho Chi Minh Flight Information Region (HCM FIR). The research contributes to the advancement of air traffic management (ATM) systems, particularly in the context of HCM FIR, minimizing air traffic controller (ATC) workload, and offering valuable insights for enhancing operational efficiency and safety in the airspace.

5

Reasons for implementing innovation on the example of small and medium enterprises

Piersiala Luiza, Kapler Monika

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 216

423--434

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to determine the factors determining the introduction of innovations in the enterprise, as well as the way the company is perceived as innovative by employees. Design/methodology/approach: In pursuit of this goal, the first one presents the level of innovation of the Polish economy compared to other European Union countries. Then, the results of research on enterprises from the SME sector are presented. The data show that Poland is one of the least of the literature on the subject and research results, the reasons for implementing innovations in enterprises were indicated Findings: Most often, the surveyed respondents did not agree or rather disagreed that legal regulations are the reason for introducing innovations in the company (86.7% of responses), followed by reasons such as: "the desire to reduce costs" (48% of responses) and "the desire to increase the company's efficiency" (29.3% of responses). Most often, the respondents did not have an opinion that reasons such as: "forcing innovations by contractors" (61.3%), "market needs" (52.0%) and "the desire to increase the company's efficiency" (51.3%) are the reasons for introducing innovations in the company. Most often, the respondents agreed or rather agreed with reasons for introducing innovations in the company such as: "the desire to increase profits" (80.7%), "expanding the sales market" (80.0%) and "meeting the competition on the market" (69.3%). Originality/value: Innovation is a tool supporting sustainable development. Only entities operating in a modern and innovative way gain a competitive advantage. The considerations contained in the article concern the perception of the company as innovative by employees and indication of the reasons for implementing innovations. The survey included enterprises representing the group of small and medium-sized enterprises, the so-called SMEs. The article is part of research on innovation in information systems in small and medium-sized enterprises

6

Office work automation: implementation, costs, and benefits. A case study

Nowak Dariusz, Remlein Marzena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 216

385--406

EN

Purpose: This paper explores the role of office automation in enhancing operational efficiency and competitive advantage for enterprises, particularly in the supply and material sector. The research seeks to analyze the cost-benefit balance of automation, examine its impact on employee tasks, and provide actionable guidelines for managers considering automation. Design/methodology/approach: Using a qualitative, case-study approach, the authors conducted unstructured interviews with key personnel, including the CEO and IT department members, at a Polish supply company. This was supplemented by participant observations and document analysis to gain insights into automation processes, its applications in various office functions, and implementation challenges. Findings: The study revealed that automation significantly enhances efficiency, reduces operational costs, and improves internal and external communications. However, it also highlighted challenges, such as resistance from employees and the high costs of system integration and customization, which impact the adoption rate across diverse functions. Research limitations/implications: The study is qualitative nature limits its generalizability, suggesting the need for further quantitative research across varied industries. Future studies might explore the long-term economic impact of automation and the effectiveness of training programs in overcoming employee resistance. Practical implications: The findings underscore the importance of tailored automation strategies to streamline routine tasks and improve employee productivity. Practical benefits include better resource allocation, faster response times, and improved customer satisfaction, providing businesses a strategic advantage in dynamic markets. Social implications: The paper indicates potential social impacts, such as shifts in workforce skill requirements and the need for continuous employee retraining. Automation could influence job roles, thus impacting employee morale and necessitating adjustments in corporate social responsibility practices. Originality/value: This study provides original insights into the practical challenges and benefits of office automation in a specific business sector, making it valuable for business managers and decision-makers seeking to implement or expand automation in their organizations.

7

Implementation of teal organization in the sales department of an internet marketing agency case study

Kraśniak Janusz, Gorlak Szymon

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 216

239--251

EN

Purpose: The article attempts to answer the following research questions: What are the main challenges associated with implementing a teal organization in the sales departments of marketing agencies? What actions were taken to shape the attitudes and values desired by the studied company, which are characteristic of the teal organization model? What benefits were achieved as a result of the actions taken? Design/methodology/approach: Attempting to answer the research questions required a literature review and conducting research procedures. The case study method was used in the research process. The aim of the study was to describe a typical case of implementing the teal organization model in the studied company. Additionally, the research employed direct observation techniques, surveys, interviews, and organizational documentation. Findings: The effective implementation of the teal organization model requires methodical actions that focus the efforts of organizational participants around the values and attitudes desired by the organization. Identifying the key values and attitudes of a teal organization and recognizing gaps in these values and attitudes within the sales department enabled actions that contributed to transforming the existing organization into a teal organization. Practical implications: The analysis of actions taken by the studied company leads to the conclusion that they contributed to raising employees' awareness of the teal organization principles and embedding its values and assumptions within the organization. Considering the research findings, it can be assumed that the teal organization model has a place in modern management. This assumption is based on the desire to work in an environment that nurtures human values; the employees' contribution, their engagement, feedback culture, and trust. Barriers in implementing the teal organization model often include a lack of trust in the concept, which relies on empowering employees and relinquishing traditional control over the work process. Originality/value: The innovation lies in highlighting the need to incorporate values and attitudes characteristic of the teal organization concept in the implementation process, identifying actions that contribute to shaping these values and attitudes, and determining how an effectively implemented teal organization can impact the development of sales departments in marketing agencies.

8

Identification of occupational health and safety areas supporting the development of a culture of food quality and safety

Górna Justyna, Sadłowska-Wrzesińska Joanna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 216

119--132

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify areas of occupational health and safety that can support the development of a culture of food quality and safety. Design/ methodology / approach: A study was conducted in the surveyed enterprise to determine the level of food quality and safety culture, and then to assess the possibility of using the occupational health and safety system in terms of the possibility of developing solutions supporting the development of food quality and safety culture. Findings: Key areas have been identified, such as training, hygiene, risk and crisis management, work ergonomics, communication and reporting, and supervision of chemical agents, which can mutually positively influence the culture of occupational health and safety and food quality and safety. Originality / value: The article presents an assessment of the level of food quality and safety culture in the surveyed enterprise. Common areas in the field of occupational health and safety culture were also identified, which can strengthen the development of food quality and safety culture. The article can be an element influencing the improvement of activities in the discussed areas in other enterprises, which can contribute to the development of their food quality and safety culture.

9

Zasady funkcjonowania systemu wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania ludności o zagrożeniach

Michailiuk Bogdan

Wiedza Obronna

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2025

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Nr 1

29--47

PL

Zagrożenia są stałym elementem rzeczywistości, ich wielorakość oraz ewolucyjny charakter wymagają ciągłego efektywnego monitorowania, ujawniania i stosownego podejścia do nich. System wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania o nich stanowi fundament realnych przygotowań ludności cywilnej do zachowania się w trakcie niebezpieczeństwa. Bez ustawicznego monitoringu oraz klarownych, przejrzystych (znanych) komunikatów ostrzegawczych i sygnałów alarmowania społeczeństwo nie jest w stanie zachować się tak, by podjąć dalej adekwatne zachowania, by ustrzec się przed konsekwencjami rzeczywistych zagrożeń dla jego egzystencji. Jasno określone zasady funkcjonowania systemu oraz oczekiwanej reakcji pozwolą na stosunkowo szybkie i właściwe podjęcie zachowań w odpowiedzi na zaistniałe zagrożenia, a tym samym na możliwie najbardziej efektywne reagowanie na nie. Kwestia ta stanowi istotne ogniwo ustawy o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej, na który to dokument polskie społeczeństwo oczekuje od maja 2009 roku. Ustawa ma niebawem wejść do polskiego porządku prawnego, dlatego warto mówić o szczegółowych jej zapisach. Dotyczy bowiem zarówno zabezpieczenia ludzi, zwierząt, mienia, środowiska w różnych stanach funkcjonowania państwa. Świadomość obywateli ma kluczowe znaczenie. Ustawa o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej nakłada obowiązek na organy ochrony ludności dotyczący organizacji systemów monitorowania zagrożeń oraz powiadamiania, ostrzegania i alarmowania ludności w przypadku wystąpienia zagrożeń. W kontekście poruszanego problemu (system wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania o zagrożeniach) nie sposób nie podjąć rozważań wokół znowelizowanego rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów w sprawie systemów wykrywania skażeń i powiadamiania o ich wystąpieniu oraz właściwości organów w tych sprawach. Dokument ten określa organizację i warunki przygotowania oraz sposób funkcjonowania systemów obserwacji, pomiarów, analiz, prognozowania i powiadamiania o skażeniach na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz właściwość organów w tych sprawach.

EN

Threats are a permanent feature of reality, their multiplicity and their evolving nature require continuous effective monitoring, disclosure and an appropriate approach to them. A system of threat detection, warning, notification and alerting of threats is the foundation of viable preparations of the civilian population to behave during an emergency. Without continuous monitoring and clear, transparent (known) warning messages and alert signals, the public is unable to behave in such a way as to take further adequate behaviour to guard against the consequences of real threats to its existence. Clearly defined rules for the operation of the system and the expected response will allow behaviour to be taken relatively quickly and appropriately in response to the threats that arise, and thus to respond to them as effectively as possible. This issue is an important link in the Law on Civil Protection and Civil Defence, which Polish society has been waiting for since May 2009. The Act is about to enter the Polish legal order, so it is worth talking about its detailed provisions. This is because it concerns both the security of people, animals, property and the environment in the various states of the state. Citizen awareness is of key importance. The Law on Civil Protection and Civil Defence imposes an obligation on civil protection authorities to organise systems for monitoring threats and notifying, warning and alerting the population in case of threats. In the context of the issue at hand (threat detection, warning, notification and alarming system for threats), it is impossible not to take up considerations around the amended regulation of the Council of Ministers on systems for the detection of threats and notification of their occurrence and the competence of authorities in these matters. This document defines the organisation and conditions for the preparation and functioning of systems of observation, measurement, analysis, forecasting and notification of contamination on the territory of the Republic of Poland and the competence of the authorities in these matters.

10

Radiochemia na Uniwersytecie Gdańskim

Strumińska-Parulska Dagmara, Olszewski Grzegorz, Szymańska Karolina

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2025

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[Z] 79, 7-8

457--484

EN

At the beginning, in 1996, the Environmental Radiochemistry Laboratory at the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Gdańsk was established, and since 2013, the unit has been operating as the Environmental Chemistry and Radiochemistry Department. The research conducted for many years includes the determination of natural and artificial radionuclides in natural samples, radiochemical analysis, understanding the distribution and accumulation of radioactive elements in marine and terrestrial organisms, biogeochemistry of radioactive isotopes in the ecosystem of the southern Baltic Sea, migration of radioactive elements in the environment, application of the occurrence of radioactive disequilibrium between radioisotopes to determine the potential sources of origin of radioactive isotopes in natural ecosystems, determination of natural and artificial radionuclides in food products and radiological effects of their intake with food. The duties of the Department's employees also include academic teaching. Courses at various levels within the first and second cycle studies at the Faculty of Chemistry and at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics are conducted in the following fields: Chemistry, Chemical Business, Environmental Protection, Biology, Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection, both in Polish and in English.

11

Metale ziem rzadkich : niezbędne pierwiastki technologii jutra

Czaja Małgorzata

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2025

|

[Z] 79, 11-12

1044--1064

EN

Rare earth elements (REE) are a group of 17 elements, including the lanthanides as well as scandium and yttrium, characterized by unique physicochemical properties arising from their electron configuration and the presence of 4f orbitals. This article presents the classification of REE, their occurrence in nature, physicochemical properties, and processing and recycling technologies, highlighting environmental and technological challenges. The significance of REE in modern technologies - such as electronics, renewable energy, automotive, magnetic materials, and catalysis - is discussed. The article also addresses the market situation and availability of these elements, emphasizing the need for sustainable extraction and recycling methods to ensure resource security and support technological development.

12

Ride-hailing service users and providers in the higher education area: a spatial and non-spatial perspective

Manullang Okto, Ratnasari Anita, Sitorus Paldibo

Transport Problems

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2025

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T. 20, z. 1

153--165

EN

This article describes supply and demand through the spatial and non-spatial dimensions of the users and providers of ride-hailing services in the higher education area. The structural equation modeling method determines the relationship between variables based on a perception survey of 200 users and 200 ride-hailing service providers in the Tembalang higher education area, Semarang, conducted from 2020-2021. The modeling results show that there is an insignificant spatial and non-spatial relationship. The non- spatial dimension in both users and ride-hailing providers influences the moderating of both spatial dimensions. The development of higher education institutions in peri-urban areas creates new growth poles in line with the evolution of digital platforms that dictate physical geographies due to the fusion of non-spatial conditions. Reconciling the public transportation system with campus-based operational adjustments, appropriate fares, and fees will provide more equal opportunities for campus residents to engage and succeed in higher education.

13

Evaluation of experimental signs on polish roads by drivers and their potential benefits in the implementation of autonomous and connected vehicles

Pawlak Piotr, Krysiuk Cezary

Transport Problems

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2025

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T. 20, z. 2

113--124

EN

This article aims to describe the experimental road signs used in Poland on expressways and their understanding by drivers surveyed as part of online and field research carried out at passenger service points. The second part of this article highlights the significance of physical road infrastructure in the deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Various approaches to this issue have been identified, both from the perspective of road infrastructure managers and manufacturers of vehicles and software for AVs. The conclusions determine the value of using experimental markings in Poland in the context of implementing AVs.

14

A controlled pilot study in a practice yard to assess driver perception with camera-monitor systems vs. mirrors: eye tracking insights from a pilot study

Skórska Halszka

Transport Problems

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2025

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T. 20, z. 1

111--124

EN

Road accidents are an inevitable part of road traffic. Those involving trucks and vulnerable road users are especially tragic. Multiple solutions are proposed to deal with this problem. Among them is the idea of using camera-monitor systems instead of traditional exterior mirrors. The paper presents the results of a pilot study conducted in the practice yard using two trucks. One was equipped with the camera-monitor system replacing exterior side mirrors, and the other was equipped with traditional mirrors. The systems’ usability was compared in the practice yard based on two scenarios. Eye tracking was used as a method of perception assessment to assess whether the driver noticed a potentially dangerous situation and objectively measure the time needed for the driver to scan the surroundings. The number and duration of detected eye movements were measured and analyzed. The results for both types of devices for indirect vision were compared. This made it possible to determine the number of obstacles that the driver overlooked. The results for both types of devices were similar and suggest the need to supplement existing devices for indirect vision with additional systems that could help drivers detect hazards. However, the comparison of indirect fields of view suggested a slight superiority of the camera-monitor system.

15

Kształtowanie polityki zbrojeniowej Polski w perspektywie strategicznej

Meissner Jacek

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2025

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R. 15, Nr 35

109--128

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia związane z polityką zbrojeniową jako częścią polityki państwa, tj. całościowo określającą kierunki rozwoju i interwencji państwa w tym obszarze. Autor formułuje wnioski dla polskiej polityki zbrojeniowej, skupiając się na systemowym podejściu do jej ustanawiania i realizacji oraz strategicznym zarządzaniu państwem. Prezentowane ustalenia badawcze podzielone są na następujące zasadnicze części: istota polityki zbrojeniowej; aspekty instytucjonalne; krajowy potencjał przemysłowy i zdolności produkcyjne; badania, rozwój i innowacje. Podnoszone są kwestie planowania i programowania działań państwa zgodnie z określonymi priorytetami oraz interesami narodowymi, w tym w obszarze inwestycji w rozwój sprzętu wojskowego i technologii oraz określania kierunków rozwoju krajowego przemysłu obronnego, zwiększenia zdolności produkcyjnych, krajowej suwerenności (technologicznej oraz decyzyjnej), jak również wzmocnienia systemu badań i rozwoju w dziedzinie obronności. Autor przytacza także postanowienia dokumentów strategicznych krajowych i sojuszniczych. Celem artykułu jest analiza polityki zbrojeniowej państwa w perspektywie strategicznej na przykładzie Polski. Główny problem badawczym zawarty został w pytaniu: Jakie reperkusje dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego niosą za sobą działania państwa lub ich brak w zakresie polityki zbrojeniowej? Hipoteza badawcza stawiana przez autora brzmi, iż: Wdrożenie w kraju sformalizowanej polityki zbrojeniowej w postaci dokumentu strategicznego przyczyniłoby się do podniesienia efektywność zarządzania dziedzinami obronności państwa i rozwoju gospodarczego, w tym w szczególności modernizacji technicznej sił zbrojnych i przemysłu zbrojeniowego. Ustanowienie polityki zbrojeniowej pozwoliło by więc, aby konieczny (w obliczu zagrożenia) proces zbrojenia, nie doprowadził do załamania finansowego państwa (w wyniku kierowania zamówień za granicę), a stał się motorem rozwoju rodzimej gospodarki opartej o wysokie technologie. Do opracowania artykułu wykorzystano metody przeglądu literatury oraz wnioskowania. Artykuł opiera się o dotychczas upublicznione dane i publiczne dokumenty, jak również publikacje stanowiące głos w dyskusji w obszarze podejmowanej problematyki.

EN

The article presents issues related to armaments policy as part of state policy, i.e. comprehensively defining the directions of development and state intervention in this area. The authorformulates conclusions for Polish armaments policy, focusing on the systemic approach to its establishment and implementation and strategic management of the state. The presented research findings are divided into the following main parts: the essence of armaments policy; institutional aspects; national industrial potential and production capacity; research, development and innovation. Issues of planning and programming state activities in accordance with specific priorities and national interests are raised, including in the area of investment in the development of military equipment and technology and determining the directions of development of the national defence industry, increasing production capacities, national sovereignty (technological and decision-making autonomy), as well as strengthening the defence research and development system. The author also refers to the provisions of national and allied strategic documents. The aim of the article is to analyze the state’s armament policy from a strategic perspective on the example of Poland. The main research problem is contained in the question: what are the repercussions for national security of the state’s actions or lack thereof in the field of armaments policy? The research hypothesis put forward by the author is that the adoption national an armament policy in the form of a strategy would contribute to increasing the effectiveness of management of the state’s defence and economic development, including the technical modernization of the Armed Forces and the defence industry. The establishment of an armament policy would therefore allow the necessary (in the face of a threat) armament process not to lead to the financial collapse of the state (as a result of directing orders abroad), but to become a driving force for the development of the domestic economy based on high technologies. The article was developed using literature review and reasoning methods. It is based on previously published data, public documents, and expert studies.

16

Legal and institutional conditions of crisis management bodies in local government structures

Kosenda Ewa, Kopczewski Marian

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2025

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Vol. 57, No.3(217)

51--79

EN

Ensuring effective protection of the population in an emergency requires the efforts of public administration bodies and other social and economic entities performing tasks in the field of security and defence. A special role in civil protection activities is played by: civil defence, the Police, the Border Guard, the State Fire Service, units of the Volunteer Fire Brigade, other rescue units and various specialised agencies, inspections, and services. The subject of crisis management is more and more often discussed and publicized in the public debate and in various publications. It is necessary to continuously adapt and improve national security management, adequately to contemporary challenges and threats, among others, by integrating many dispersed, side-by-side solutions. The article discusses the current organizational and legal solutions in this area, which allowed to answer the question whether the activities aimed at improving the internal conditions of security are aimed at creating an integrated national security management system. The aim of the article is to analyse the functioning of the crisis management system in Poland, and in particular the principles of operation of crisis management teams in emergency situations, taking into account the legal and institutional conditions of crisis management bodies in local government structures. For the purposes of this study, the following research problem has been formulated: How should crisis management teams work in the planning, decision-making and functional process at individual levels of administration in the event of threats? The basis for the development of the article were relevant legal acts and literature on the subject.

PL

Zapewnienie skutecznej ochrony ludności w sytuacji zagrożenia wymaga wysiłku organów administracji publicznej oraz innych podmiotów społecznych i gospodarczych realizujących zadania w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Szczególną rolę w działaniach na rzecz ochrony ludności odgrywają: obrona cywilna, Policja, Straż Graniczna, Państwowa Straż Pożarna, jednostki Ochotniczej Straży Pożarnej, inne jednostki ratownictwa oraz różne wyspecjalizowane agencje, inspekcje i służby. Tematyka zarządzania kryzysowego jest coraz częściej poruszana i nagłaśniana w publicznej debacie i w różnych publikacjach. Konieczne jest ciągłe dostosowywanie i poprawa zarządzania bezpieczeństwem narodowym, adekwatnie do współczesnych wyzwań i zagrożeń, między innymi przez zintegrowanie wielu rozproszonych, funkcjonujących obok siebie rozwiązań. W artykule omówiono obecnie obowiązujące w tym zakresie rozwiązania organizacyjno-prawne, co pozwoliło odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy działania, mające na celu poprawę wewnętrznych uwarunkowań bezpieczeństwa, zmierzają do stworzenia zintegrowanego systemu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem narodowym. Celem artykułu jest analiza funkcjonowania systemu zarządzania kryzysowego w Polsce, a w szczególności zasad działania zespołów zarządzania kryzysowego w sytuacjach zagrożeń przy uwzględnieniu uwarunkowań prawnych i instytucjonalnych organów zarządzania kryzysowego w strukturach samorządowych. Na potrzeby niniejszego opracowania sformułowano następujący problem badawczy: Jak mają pracować zespoły zarządzania kryzysowego w procesie planistyczno-decyzyjnym oraz funkcjonalnym na poszczególnych szczeblach administracji w sytuacji zagrożeń. Podstawę do opracowania artykułu stanowiły odpowiednie akty prawne oraz literatura przedmiotu.

17

How will the urban environment improve Multi-Domain Operations?

Mező András

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2025

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Vol. 57, No.1(215)

71--83

EN

The Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept aims to prepare, plan, coordinate, and carry out synchronised activities across all domains and environments on a large scale and swiftly. This is done in collaboration with other instruments of power, stakeholders, and actors, following the principles of Unity, Interconnectivity, Creativity, and Agility. This study emphasises the potential of applying the principles of MDO in urban environments (UE) to further enhance MDO’s effectiveness. More precisely, it presents two further principles, namely Understanding and Interaction, which enhance the overall MDO, and highlight the absence of a crucial aspect of the “digital backbone”, specifically in relation to interaction.

PL

Koncepcja operacji wielodomenowych (Multi-Domain Operations – MDO) ma na celu przygotowanie, zaplanowanie, koordynowanie i przeprowadzanie zsynchronizowanych działań we wszystkich domenach i środowiskach na dużą skalę i w szybkim tempie. Odbywa się to we współpracy z wieloma instrumentami władzy, interesariuszami i aktorami, zgodnie z zasadami jedności, wzajemnych połączeń, kreatywności i zwinności. Artykuł zawiera analizę potencjału stosowania zasad MDO w środowiskach miejskich (urban environments – UE) w celu dalszego zwiększenia skuteczności MDO. W artykule, dokładniej rzecz biorąc, zawarto dwie dalsze zasady – zrozumienia i interakcji – które wzmacniają ogólne MDO i podkreślają brak kluczowego aspektu „cyfrowego kręgosłupa”, szczególnie w odniesieniu do interakcji.

18

Ocena wpływu domieszek wodoru w gazie ziemnym na rozliczenie paliw gazowych w jednostkach energii w systemie dystrybucyjnym

Malisz Monika, Narloch Piotr, Szurlej Adam

Rynek Energii

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2025

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Nr 3

88--96

PL

Odnawialne źródła energii oraz tzw. zielony wodór, odegrają istotną rolę w dekarbonizacji gospodarki. Mając na uwadze dynamiczny wzrost udziału OZE w bilansie energetycznym, obserwowany zarówno w kraju, jak i UE i zakładając, zgodnie z aktualnymi prognozami krajowymi i unijnymi, dalszą ekspansję OZE, należy się spodziewać, że wykorzystanie istniejących sieci gazowych dla transportu gazowych paliw odnawialnych, będzie pomocne w spełnieniu zakładanych celów polityki energetycznej. Wprowadzenie gazowych paliw odnawialnych, w tym wodoru, do istniejących sieci gazowych, musi być poprzedzone szczegółową analizą. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny wpływu domieszek wodoru w gazie ziemnym na problem rozliczania paliw gazowych w jednostkach energii w systemie dystrybucyjnym. Przybliżono otoczenie regulacyjne dotyczące tego obszaru. Następnie na wytypowanym fragmencie gazowego systemu dystrybucyjnego przeprowadzono analizę wpływu wprowadzenia wodoru do sieci gazowej na rozliczenie paliw gazowych w jednostkach energii w trzech wariantach. W wyniku tej analizy m.in. oszacowano zmiany strumienia dostarczanego paliwa gazowego do odbiorcy w zależności od stężenia wodoru.

EN

Renewable energy sources, and the so-called green hydrogen, Will play an important role in the decarbonization of the economy. Given the dynamic growth of the RES participation in the energy balance, observed both domestically and in the EU, and assuming, in accordance with current national and EU forecasts, further expansion of RES, it is expected that the use of existing gas networks for the transportation of gaseous renewable fuels, will help achieve the assumed energy policy goals. The introduction of gaseous renewable fuels, including hydrogen, into existing gas networks must be preceded by a detailed analysis. The article attempts to assess the impact of hydrogen admixtures in natural gas on the problem of accounting for gaseous fuels in units of energy in the distribution system. The regulatory environment pertaining to this area is approximated. Subsequently, an analysis of the impact of introducing hydrogen into the gas network on the billing of gaseous fuels in units of energy in three variants was carried out on a selected part of the gas distribution system. As a result of this analysis, among other things, changes in the stream of gaseous fuel delivered to the customer depending on the concentration of hydrogen were estimated.

19

Comparative thermodynamic and economic analyses of combined heat and power plants with SMR and HTGR reactors

Bartnik Ryszard, Buryn Zbigniew, Hnydiuk-Stefan Anna, Skomudek Waldemar

Rynek Energii

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2025

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Nr 5

86--99

EN

This paper presents a comparative thermodynamic and economic analysis of combined heat and power (CHP) plants utilizing Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) designed for use in largescale and distributed power generation. The study focuses on the differences between these two reactor types in CHP applications, highlighting their respective efficiencies and economic viabilities. The analysis reveals that CHP plants with HTGR reactors demonstrate significantly higher thermodynamic and economic efficiency compared to those with SMR reactors. This superiority is attributed to three main factors: the higher electrical efficiency of HTGR-based plants, lower investment costs for HTGR reactors, and consequently, more cost-effective electricity production in HTGR-based CHPs. The paper provides detailed thermodynamic calculations and economic assessments, including unit costs of heat production under various scenarios. It also discusses the advantages of locating these small-scale nuclear CHP plants closer to consumers, eliminating the need for extensive transmission networks. The findings suggest that HTGR-based CHP plants offer a more promising solution for future energy systems, including those operating in local power structures, particularly when considering gas-gas technology implementations that do not require water for operation, addressing a key limitation of both SMR and HTGR systems in conventional configurations.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównawczą analizę termodynamiczną i ekonomiczną elektrowni skojarzonych (CHP) wykorzystuj ących małe reaktory modułowe (SMR) i wysokotemperaturowe reaktory chłodzone gazem (HTGR) przeznaczone do stosowania W dużych i rozproszonych elektrowniach. Badanie koncentruje się na różnicach między tymi dwoma typami reaktorów W zastosowaniach CHP, podkreślając ich dpowiednie sprawności i opłacalność ekonomiczną. Analiza ujawnia, że elektrownie CHP z reaktorami HTGR wykazują znacznie wyższą sprawność termodynamiczną i ekonomiczną W porównaniu z reaktorami SMR. Ta wyższość przypisuje się trzem głównym czynnikom: wyższej sprawności elektrycznej elektrowni opartych na HTGR, niższym kosztom inwestycyjnym reaktorów HTGR, a w konsekwencji bardziej opłacalnej produkcji energii elektrycznej w elektrowniach CHP opartych na HTGR. W artykule przedstawiono szczegółowe obliczenia termodynamiczne i oceny ekonomiczne, W tym jednostkowe koszty produkcji ciepła w różnych scenariuszach. Omówiono w nim również zalety lokalizacji tych małych elektrowni jądrowych CHP bliżej odbiorców, co eliminuje potrzebę rozległych sieci przesyłowych. Wyniki sugeruj ą, że elektrownie CHP oparte na HTGR oferują bardziej obiecujące rozwiązanie dla przyszłych systemów energetycznych, W tym tych działających W lokalnych strukturach energetycznych, szczególnie przy rozważaniu wdrożeń technologii gaz-gaz, które nie wymagają wody do działania, rozwiązując kluczowe ograniczenie zarówno systemów SMR, jak i HTGR w konwencjonalnych konfigurac ach.

20

S&OP jako narzędzie do zarządzania strategią firmy

Birecki Paweł

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2025

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T. 79, nr 6

6--7

PL

Wyobraź sobie, że masz strategię firmy, którą nie tylko da się oprawić w ramkę i powiesić w gabinecie, ale która naprawdę działa. Tzn. nie tylko „istnieje”, ale faktycznie prowadzi ludzi w organizacji w tym samym kierunku. I teraz pytanie: jak to osiągnąć? Wbrew pozorom, odpowiedź nie leży w kolejnych warsztatach strategicznych, ale... w procesie S&OP.