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1

The application of computer image analysis for assessment of surface porosity of architectural concrete

Benedysiuk Tomasz, Jackiewicz-Rek Wioletta, Garbacz Andrzej

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 10

29--39

EN

This article presents the results of research on an innovative method for assessing the porosity of architectural concrete surfaces using image analysis techniques. The method utilizes local thresholding algorithms and morphological operations to minimize the influence of surface color and roughness on the measurement results. The use of model samples with controlled color and surface topography allowed for verification of the method's accuracy in assessing surface porosity and its applicability for evaluating the surface quality of smooth architectural concrete.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad innowacyjną metodą oceny porowatości powierzchni betonu architektonicznego z zastosowaniem technik analizy obrazu. Metoda wykorzystuje algorytmy progowania lokalnego i operacje morfologiczne w celu minimalizacji wpływu koloru i chropowatości powierzchni na wynik pomiaru. Zastosowanie próbek modelowych, o kontrolowanych parametrach kolorystyki i struktury geometrycznej powierzchni, pozwoliło na przeprowadzenie weryfikacji dokładności metody oceny porowatości powierzchni i możliwości jej zastosowania do badania jakości powierzchni gładkiego betonu architektonicznego.

2

Ocena jakości wód podziemnych pod kątem zawartości substancji organicznych na ujęciach wody w Środzie Wielkopolskiej

Zimoch Izabela, Górska Aleksandra, Weber Łukasz

Instal

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2024

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nr 6

49--55

PL

Woda podziemna, będąca źródłem zaopatrzenia ludzi w wodę przeznaczoną do spożycia wymaga wieloaspektowej analizy w kontekście oceny i zarządzania jej jakością. Szczególnym wyzwaniem jest monitorowanie i analiza właściwości wód podziemnych ujęć trzeciorzędowych, które charakteryzują się wysoką zawartością substancji organicznych, co przekłada się na intensywną barwę i znaczący potencjał tworzenia produktów ubocznych podczas procesów dezynfekcji. W ramach niniejszego artykułu zaprezentowano analizę wybranych przypadków oraz wyniki badań jakości wody podziemnej w trzeciorzędowym ujęciu dla miasta Środa Wielkopolska. Kompleks trzeciorzędowych wód podziemnych zalega w warstwach o skomplikowanej budowie geologicznej, charakteryzującej się złożonymi stosunkami hydrogeologicznymi. Kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na stan użytkowy wody w średzkim ujęciu jest struktura geologiczna terenu. Dominują tu przede wszystkim warstwy węgla brunatnego, bezpośrednio zalegające nad warstwą wodonośną, a także gliny i iły. W przeprowadzonych badaniach szczególną uwagę poświęcono analizie wpływu miąższości tych warstw geologicznych na jakość wody pozyskiwanej z poszczególnych studni. Integralnym elementem badań była ocena wpływu warunków hydrogeologicznych na jakość ujmowanej wody, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wydajności ujęć. Korelację ustalono na podstawie przekrojów geologicznych 17 eksploatowanych studni głębinowych, jak również danych hydraulicznych determinujących warunki operacyjne pracy systemu zaopatrzenia w wodę (SZW) Środy Wielkopolskiej. W analizach korelacji zawartości materii organicznej oprócz typowych wskaźników, takich jak: barwa, ogólny węgiel organiczny (OWO), rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny (RWO), indeks nadmanganianowy, absorbancja UV, przyjęto również biodegradowalny rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny (BRWO). W przeprowadzonych badaniach uwzględniono BRWO, z uwagi na fakt, iż jest on przydatny w ustaleniu ilości związków organicznych, stanowiących potencjalnie źródło węgla i energii, które wspomagają wzrost i rozwój bakterii w sieci wodociągowej. Sprawdzono wzajemne korelacje poszczególnych wskaźników, ustalając jednocześnie przydatność prostych analiz (absorbancja UV czy indeks nadmanganianowy) w ocenie poziomu substancji oznaczanych jako OWO, czy RWO.

EN

Groundwater, as a source of supply for residents, requires a multifaceted analysis in the context of assessing and managing its quality. A particular challenge is the monitoring and analysis of the properties of tertiary groundwater intakes, which are characterized by high content of organic substances. This translates into intense coloration and a significant potential for forming by-products during disinfection processes. This article presents a review of the literature, analysis of selected cases, and results of groundwater quality research in a tertiary intake for the city of Środa Wielkopolska. The tertiary groundwater complex is located in layers with a complex geological structure and is characterized by complicated hydrogeological relationships. A key factor influencing the usable state of water in the discussed intake is the geological structure of the area. Predominantly, layers of lignite directly overlying the aquifer, as well as clays and silts, dominate this area. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the impact of the thickness of these geological layers on the quality of water obtained from individual wells and the hydrogeological conditions of the exploited deep wells, with special consideration of their efficiency. The correlation was established based on the geological cross-sections of 17 exploited deep wells as well as hydraulic data as part of the water supply system (SZW) of Środa Wielkopolska. For assessing the organic matter content, in addition to typical indicators such as colour, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), permanganate index, and UV absorbance, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) was also used, which is helpful in determining the amount of organic compounds that could potentially be a source of carbon and energy, supporting the growth and development of bacteria in the water supply network. Mutual correlations of various indicators were checked, while also establishing the usefulness of simple analyses (UV absorbance or permanganate index) in assessing the level of substances designated as TOC or DOC.

3

PLA filament is not equal to PLA filament: Experimental studies of the influence of the type of pigment on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) products

Iwko Jacek, Jaruga Tomasz, Trzaska Oliwia, Stachowiak Tomasz

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 1

177-190

EN

The correct manufacture of products using FDM printers is not an easy task, taking into account the value and repeatability of material properties. The properties of elements manufactured in this way depend on many factors, both technological and material. Poly(lactic acid) PLA is one of the most willingly used materials in additive techniques. It is sold in a very wide range of colours. This work was intended to answer the question of how the type of pigment affects the mechanical and thermal properties of products obtained from PLA. The correlation between the material properties and the structure of the material as well as the macroscopic structure of the product has also been investigated. The paper analyses the mechanical and thermal properties of products made of PLA filaments in 12 basic colours obtained from one supplier. Bending, impact strength, HDT and Vicat softening point tests were carried out. The percentage content of residues after calcination the samples was determined. Additional analysis (DSC) was performed to interpret the obtained tests results. They indicate that the mechanical properties differ significantly between different types of PLA with differences of up to 45%. Vicat softening point tests indicate differences of 5°C between the extreme values of these parameters. The DSC interpretive study did not clearly show the reasons for these differences in the properties of the filaments.

4

Assessment of Indoor Microplastic Particles Pollution in Selected Sites of Mosul City

Al-Hussayni Rihab Salih, Al-Ahmady Kossay K., Mhemid Rasha Khalid Sabri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

322--332

EN

Among the most significant sources of microplastics (MPs) for humans is indoor dust. However, very few researchers have studied the properties and abundance of MPs that existed in dust from different indoor environments. The current study investigated microplastic fallout in 90 locations (5 kindergartens, 6 mosques, 5 schools, 10 shops, 5 cafeterias, 6 hospitals, 25 dormitories, 7 barber salons, 6 offices, 5 scientific laboratories, 5 pharmacies, and 5 medical clinics) during six months. Among the ninety sampling sites, the most significant average of MPs was actually found in the kindergartens (4.743×103 ± 427 MP/m2 /d), in contrast, the lowest abundance was in the medical clinics (3.02×102 ± 62 MP/m2 /d). The majority of indoor dust samples contained MPs in the form of fibers. The dominant colour of dust samples was transparent, followed by black, red, blue, green, and yellow. A total of six types of polymers were identified, including polystyrene (PS, 39%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 20%), polypropylene (PP, 17%), polyethylene (PE, 13), polyamide (PA, 7%) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 3%). PS, PET, and PP represent most of the MPs polymer types discovered in indoor dust samples from various locations. These polymers are frequently used in fabrics, furniture, carpets, packaging, and synthetic fibers. Statistical analysis was performed on the results using Excel 2019. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in each site with the other sites, except between (schools and mosques), (pharmacies, and medical clinics). The similarity between these sites in terms of people’s activity or in terms of furniture, the lack of carpets and curtains could explain the insignificant difference.

5

The effect of mouthwashes on changes in the aesthetic properties of dental nanocomposite

Chladek Grzegorz, Tegnander T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 1

131--140

EN

The paper aims to investigate the effect of various types of mouthwashes on changes in the colour of dental nanocomposite in studies simulating their long-term contact. The hypothesis was that the offered Mouthwashes are safe in terms of maintaining a high level of aesthetics of composite nanomaterials used for direct fillings. Design/methodology/approach The composite nanomaterial was subjected to simulated ageing in twelve different types of mouthwash with different chemical compositions and distilled water. Three exposure times were used, corresponding to two, four- and six-year periods of use. Colour measurements were carried out after each exposure time, and the colour change expressed by ΔE* and particular coordinates (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*) were determined. The results were subjected to statistical analyses. Findings Most patients diagnosed with TMD experienced traumatic events in childhood, while no similar cases were reported in the control group. Significant asymmetry was also found in the TMD group. The gender of the patients did not influence the asymmetries. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and the asymmetry in patients with TMD. Still, the correlation occurred in the control group due to significant asymmetries for the youngest patients. The results were subjected to statistical analyses. Research limitations/implications The simulated exposure is a simplification compared to clinical conditions, where the contact of the material with the fluid is cyclical, and the material is exposed to many other destructive factors. Practical implications Mouthwashes are widely used chemotherapeutic agents, and composite materials are used in the oral cavity of most of the population. One of the basic advantages of dental composites is their high aesthetics, for which the possibility of obtaining the desired colour and its stability is a fundamental issue. Originality/value Research shows that mouthwashes cause discolouration, but they are acceptable. However, caution is recommended in the case of mouthwashes containing charcoal, which have not been analysed in this respect so far.

6

Natural Dyeing with Madder: Exploring Traditional Techniques and Color Characteristics

Tian Guangguo, Cui Rrongrong, Liu Chuanlan, Hu Xiaorui

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2023

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Vol. 31, no. 4

10--21

EN

The color red has a significant presence in cultures around the world. The organic dye madder, derived from plants, has been used throughout human civilization and remains an important natural dye. The research reviews five traditional madder dyeing techniques from China, Europe, Turkey, and Japan. The techniques are applied to cotton, linen, silk, and wool fabrics, and their similarities and differences are compared and analyzed. Additionally, the environmental sustainability, resource conservation, and process efficiency of these dyeing techniques are also evaluated in this article. The chromatic value of dyed textile color was tested by means of an American Hunterlab spectrophotometer, the influence of different dyeing techniques on textile color characteristics was analyzed, and the artistic features of textile color were analyzed from the perspective of visual art.

7

Czerń w architekturze w aspekcie zrównoważonego rozwoju - Część 2

Gerlic Krzysztof

Builder

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2023

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R.27, nr 5

26--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących stosowania materiałów budowlanych o ciemnych barwach oraz ich wpływu na środowisko zbudowane. W tej części przedstawione są wyniki pomiarów kamerą termowizyjną w przestrzeni otwartej, w której materiały wyeksponowane są na promieniowanie słoneczne. Analizowane przykłady zostały podzielone na trzy grupy: nawierzchnie placów i ciągów komunikacyjnych, elewacje budynków oraz materiały pokryć dachowych.

EN

The article presents the results of research on the use of dark-colored building materials and their impact on the built environment. This section presents the results of measurements with a thermal imaging camera in an open space, in which materials are exposed to solar radiation. The analyzed examples were divided into cladding materials of the façade, roofing and pavements of communication routes.

8

The Influence of Operational Exposure on Changes in Parameters of Effective Camouflage of Coatings Used in Military Technology

Michalski Marek, Pisarek Uszula, Radek Norbert, Przybył Wojciech, Szczepaniak Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 1

182--196

EN

The paper presents an assessment of the effect of artificial aging conditions on the properties of varnish coating systems used for effective masking of military equipment and the service life of this type of coating protections was determined. As part of the research, operational exposures were simulated in the form of: accelerated corrosion tests in an artificial atmosphere in accordance with PN-EN ISO 12944-6, a continuous condensation environment at elevated temperature in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 6270-2 standard and short-term temperature impact up to 250 °C. The evaluation of the properties was carried out on the basis of measurements of the surface geometric structure and adhesion by the peel-off method. On the other hand, measurements of specular gloss, color in the range of 400-700 nm and reflectance in the range of 350-1200 nm were made in relation to the requirements of the Polish Defence Standard NO-80-A200. The operational durability of the paint coatings was assessed in terms of damage in accordance with PN-EN-ISO 4628.

9

Modification of the colour of dessert strawberries subjected to pulse electric field

Gałązka-Czarnecka Ilona, Korzeniewska Ewa

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 12

298--301

EN

The article presents the results of the impact of the pulsed electric field (PEF) on the modification of strawberry colour. The study concerned dessert strawberries. The electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm and 10 kV/cm was used. The CIELab system was used to assess the colour. It was shown that at the intensity of 5 kV/cm, the red component in the colour of the fruit increased by 19% in relation to the fruit not treated with PEF. This is important in the context of the content of the health-promoting anthocyanin pigments of pelargodnidin-3-glucosides, which give strawberries a red colour. The modification of strawberries with the use of an electric field also reduced the brightness of the color by 16.1%.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki wpływu działania impulsowego pola elektrycznego (PEF) na modyfikację barwy truskawek. Badanie dotyczyło truskawek deserowych. Zastosowano pole o natężeniu 5 kV/cm i 10 kV/cm. W celu oceny barwy wykorzystano system CIELab. Wykazano, że przy natężeniu 5 kV/cm zwiększyła się składowa czerwona w barwie owoców o 19% w stosunku do owoców nie poddawanych działaniu PEF. Ma to znaczenie w kontekście zawartości prozdrowotnych barwników antocyjanowych 3-glukozydów pelargodnidyny, które nadają czerwoną barwę truskawkom. Modyfikacja truskawek z wykorzystaniem pola elektrycznego spowodowała także zmniejszenie jasności koloru o 16,1%

10

Influence of Laboratory Ageing on the Preservation of Anti-graffiti Properties for Paint Systems Used in Rolling Stock

Garbacz Marcin

Problemy Kolejnictwa

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2022

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Z. 195

97--116

EN

The article describes and presents the influence of selected ageing mechanisms of paint systems currently used in railways in Poland in the context of maintaining their original protective properties against graffiti. Six paint systems with different types of finish, which had anti-graffiti properties, were tested, and the characteristics of the surface of the paint system, such as gloss and colour, were determined after a series of painting and cleaning of graffiti (markers and sprays). The tested objects were subjected to artificial simulated ageing using laboratory solar radiation in a synergistic combination of temperature and humidity in accordance with PN-EN ISO 16474-2 and in accordance with the proprietary methodology described in DN 001/08/A2/16 section 4.1.8 using the UV-C radiation source (discrete spectrum). The tested samples were also subjected to a different type of ageing mechanism under strong corrosive conditions in the form of neutral salt spray according to the methodology described in PN-EN ISO 9227.

11

Influence of an Increased Controlled Dose of Irradiance on the Change of Selected Physicochemical Properties of Paint Systems Used in Rolling Stock

Garbacz Marcin

Problemy Kolejnictwa

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2022

|

Z. 197

99--115

EN

The article presents the results of ageing tests with the use of laboratory light radiation tested according to the EN ISO 16474-2 standard for painting systems used in rolling stock. The influence of aging on such properties as gloss, colour and hardness, was determined using two different irradiance settings of the order of 60 W/m2 and 120 W/m2 for the wavelength 300÷400 nm and the same levels of radiant exposure. In addition, this study describes the most important information about laboratory aging tests with simulation of sunlight, temperature, moisture including rain, which are included in ISO standardised test methods. The influence of weather parameters has been described, in particular the influence of an increased dose of irradiance on the degradation of selected physicochemical properties of coatings and the possibility of the predicted ageing progress (changes in selected properties). The obtained results of laboratory tests allow to make certain assumptions regarding the increase of the dose of irradiance and thus the shortening of the laboratory testing time in the context of the assessment of the most desirable properties of the coating for a given application with the use of laboratory ageing tests.

12

Vegetable Waste in Freezing Process as a High Quality Material for Freeze-Drying ®

Ciurzyńska Agnieszka, Rybak Katarzyna, Karwacka Magdalena, Galus Sabina, Janowicz Monika

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2022

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nr 1

91--104

EN

The article of the study was to investigate selected physical and chemical properties of freeze-dried vegetables which were rejected as a waste of freezing process due to non-compliance with the size criterion. Cauliflower, carrot, yellow bean, potato and onion were freeze-dried with registration of drying kinetics and next sugars, anthocyanin and polyphenols content were determined, rehydration and sorption properties as well as colour, water activity and content and thermal properties. It was shown that obtained samples were characterized typical properties for freeze-dried vegetables and may be used as an e.g. component of freeze-dried vegetable mix or innovative food product.

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie zbadanych wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych warzyw liofilizowanych, które zostały odrzucone jako odpad z procesu mrożenia z powodu niespełnienia kryterium wielkości. Liofilizowano kalafior, marchew, żółtą fasolę, ziemniak i cebulę z rejestracją kinetyki suszenia, a następnie oznaczono zawartość cukrów, antocyjanów i polifenoli, właściwości rehydratacyjne i sorpcyjne, a także barwę, aktywność wody oraz zawartość i właściwości termiczne. Wykazano, że otrzymane próbki charakteryzowały się właściwościami typowymi dla warzyw liofilizowanych i mogą być wykorzystywane m.in. jako składnik liofilizowanej mieszanki warzywnej lub innowacyjnego produktu spożywczego.

13

Wpływ koloru pokrycia na funkcjonowanie dachu

Patoka Krzysztof

Materiały Budowlane

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2022

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nr 11

214--215

14

Tectographic analysis of the landscape along the Świder River in the Otwock area in relation to the character and colours of the ‘Świdermajer’ architecture

Balcerzak Radosław Jan

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2022

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T. 67, z .1

74--79

EN

The purpose of the present paper is to attempt to indicate the relationship between the architecture known as ‘Świdermajer’, i.e. the wooden architecture of the summer houses built south-east of Warsaw at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the surrounding landscape. The research was carried out on the basis of photographic documentation and in situ studies, as well as graphic documentation and colour studies made on their basis. A number of examples of buildings typical for the style in question were selected and, subsequently, served as basis for colour analysis, as well as drawing studies of the architecture and its surroundings. The study found that there is no direct relationship between the colours of the buildings analysed and the surrounding landscape. However, the analyses carried out allow to form the thesis that there is a similarity between the landscape and the distribution of patches of higher and lower saturation corresponding to the different building groups. These relationships should be taken into account during renovation and adaptation works.

15

Siła geometrii, redukcji i barwy. Osiedle TBS w katowickiej dzielnicy Giszowiec

Radwański Damian

Builder

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2022

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R.26, nr 8

42--45

PL

Podstawowym celem pracy jest kontestacja rozpowszechnianego i utrwalanego przekonania wskazującego, że opracowanie rozwiązania architektonicznego o wysokich walorach użytkowych i estetycznych w ramach programu TBS jest mało prawdopodobne. Postawiona w pracy hipoteza zakłada, że realizacja taniego budownictwa wielorodzinnego noszącego znamiona rozwiązania o wysokiej jakości jest możliwa wówczas, gdy przyjęta strategia projektowa odwołuje się do syntezy odpowiednio dobranych paradygmatów modernizmu. Przyjęta w pracy metodyka polega na kreatywnej i konsekwentnie ukierunkowanej korelacji odpowiednich warstw autorskiego rozwiązania architektonicznego ze wskazanymi poglądami wybitnych twórców. Ostatecznym rezultatem założeń wstępnych jest architektoniczny projekt koncepcyjny zespołu mieszkaniowego, w którym wysoka jakość rozwiązań jest pochodną strategii projektowej zakorzenionej w ponadczasowych tezach modernizmu. Najważniejszym wnioskiem z przeprowadzonej analizy jest przekonanie, że w ramach programu TBS, którego pryncypia są podporządkowane kryteriom niskich kosztów realizacji inwestycji, istnieją realne możliwości kreowania rozwiązań architektonicznych o wysokich walorach użytkowych i estetycznych.

EN

The primary purpose of this study is to contest the constantly spread and established belief indicating that the development of an architectural solution of high functional and aesthetic values within a TBS program is unlikely. The hypothesis posed in the paper assumes that the implementation of low-cost, high-quality multifamily housing is possible when the assumed project strategy is inspired by a synthesis of selected paradigms of modernism. The methodology adopted in the study is based on a creative, consistent and author-oriented correlation of the relevant layers of the author's architectural solution with the indicated views of prominent architects. The final result of the preliminary assumptions is the architectural conceptual design of a residential complex in which the high quality of the solutions is a derivative of a design strategy based on the proven, constantly up-to-date and timeless canons of modernism. The most important conclusion from the analysis is the idea that within the TBS programme, whose principles are subordinated to the criteria of low investment implementation costs, there are real possibilities of creating architectural solutions of high utility and aesthetic values.

16

Czerń w architekturze w aspekcie zrównoważonego rozwoju - Część 1

Gerlic Krzysztof

Builder

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2022

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R.26, nr 3

18--21

PL

Artykuł jest wprowadzeniem do badań dotyczących wpływu zastosowania materiałów budowlanych o ciemnych barwach w architekturze. Obecnie projektowanie architektoniczne kieruje się m.in. doktryną zrównoważonego rozwoju. Troska o zmiany klimatyczne zaleca kształtowanie środowiska zbudowanego tak, aby zapewnić najlepsze warunki dla osób przebywających w nim obecnie i w przyszłości. Badania środowiskowe potwierdzają wpływ materiałów budowlanych na mikroklimat przestrzeni zbudowanej i dlatego stanowią inspirację do analizy ich właściwości, a zwłaszcza współczynników odbicia i pochłaniania promieniowania słonecznego. Istotne jest również, dlaczego podejmowane są decyzje o stosowaniu bardzo ciemnych materiałów. Czy kreacja twórcy może to pomijać?

EN

The article is an introduction to research on the influence of the use of dark-colored building materials in architecture. Currently, architectural design is guided, among others, by the doctrine of sustainable development. Concern for climate change recommends shaping the built environment to provide the best conditions for people living now and in the future. Environmental research confirms the influence of building materials on the microclimate of the built space, hence the analysis of their properties, in particular the reflectivity and absorption of solar radiation. It is also important why decisions are made to use very dark materials. Can the designer creation skip this?

17

Colour as an element ordering the common space in educational buildings. On the example of Maria Dąbrowska Primary School No. 1 in Wrocław

Netczuk-Pol Ewa

Architectus

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2022

|

Nr 2 (70)

95--103

EN

The article discusses general issues related to creating the space of educational objects in terms of colour. The perception of school space is influenced by many factors such as light, temperature, air quality, space flexibility, sense of belonging, space complexity and colour. The latter plays an important role in the perception of rooms and influences human behaviour, because apart from sound and smell, it is one of the most important stimuli perceived by our brain. Nevertheless, most of the existing schools in Poland which were built up to 1990 do not take into account colour as a factor influencing student behaviour. This issue has only recently received attention. This article presents a case study of Maria's Dąbrowska Primary School No. 1 in Wrocław. For the needs of this school, as part of the "Constructing Cultural Educational Space" program organized by Wrocław Contemporary Museum, a project was prepared to introduce colour into the interior while maintaining the historical character and substance of the object and taking into account the influence of colour on the child’s psyche. The presented interior rearrangement project may become the beginning of further research on the issue of colour and its role in shaping educational spaces.

PL

W artykule zostały omówione ogólne zagadnienia dotyczące kreowania przestrzeni obiektów edukacyjnych pod względem kolorystycznym. Na odbiór przestrzeni szkoły wpływa wiele czynników takich jak światło, temperatura, jakość powietrza, elastyczność przestrzeni, poczucie przynależności, kompleksowość miejsca i kolor. Ten ostatni odgrywa istotną rolę w odbiorze pomieszczeń i wpływa na zachowania człowieka, ponieważ jest oprócz dźwięku i zapachu jednym z ważniejszych bodźców odbieranych przez nasz mózg. Mimo to większość z obecnie istniejących we Polsce szkół wybudowanych do 1990 r. nie uwzględnia koloru jako czynnika wpływającego na zachowanie ucznia. Dopiero od niedawna zwraca się uwagę na tę kwestię. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono studium przypadku Szkoły Podstawowej nr 1 im. Marii Dąbrowskiej we Wrocławiu. Na potrzeby tej właśnie szkoły w ramach programu „Konstruowanie Kulturalnej Przestrzeni Edukacyjnej” organizowanego przez wrocławskie Muzeum Współczesne przygotowano projekt wprowadzenia koloru do wnętrza z zachowaniem historycznego charakteru oraz zabytkowej substancji obiektu i przy uwzględnieniu wpływu koloru na psychikę dziecka. Zaprezentowany projekt przearanżowania wnętrza może stać się początkiem dalszych badań nad zagadnieniem koloru i jego roli w kształtowaniu przestrzeni edukacyjnych.

18

Reducing Steaming Times in the Printing of Nylon/Elastane Blend Fabrics via Chemical Modification

Atav Riza, Yüksel Muhammed Fatih, Yakin İsmail

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 1 (145)

81--85

EN

Nylon fibres are commonly used in blends with elastane. One of the problems encountered in the printing of nylon/elastane blend fabrics is the necessity of long steaming times for fixation, which causes an increase in energy consumption. In this study, the possibility of printing polyamide fabrics with 1:2 metal complex dyes for short steaming times was investigated. For this aim, laboratory and sample scale trials were performed to develop a method of chemically modifying fibres so that polyamide fabrics can be printed in short steaming times. Based on the results obtained in both trials, it was noticed that the steaming time for fixation could be reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes by printing with 1:2 metal complex dyes without causing a loss of printing yield and without affecting the fastness adversly in case of applying cationisation pretreatment with a modified quaternary polyalkylamine compound based product.

PL

Włókna nylonowe są powszechnie stosowane w mieszankach z elastanem. Jednym z problemów napotykanych przy drukowaniu tkanin z mieszanki nylon/elastan są długie czasy parowania podczas drukowania, które powodują wzrost zużycia energii. W pracy zbadano możliwość drukowania na tkaninach poliamidowych barwnikami metalokompleksowymi 1:2 dla krótkich czasów parowania. W tym celu przeprowadzono próby laboratoryjne i produkcyjne. Opracowano metodę modyfikacji chemicznej włókien, tak aby tkaniny poliamidowe mogły być drukowane w krótkim czasie parowania. Na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w obu próbach zauważono, że czas naparowywania, utrwalania można skrócić z 30 do 15 minut. Pożądany efekt uzyskano drukując z użyciem barwników metalokompleksowych 1:2 z zastosowaniem obróbki wstępnej kationizacyjnej produktem na bazie modyfikowanego czwartorzędowego związku polialkiloaminy. Skrócenie czasu parowania nie powoduje utraty wydajności drukowania i nie ma negatywnego wpływu na trwałość druku.

19

Effect of Industrial Washing and Laundering on the Colour Values of Knitted Denim

Mezarcıöz Serin

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 6 (150)

65--71

EN

One of the most distinctive features of denim is that the warp yarn is dyed with indigo dye and the weft yarns are not dyed, i.e. white. Although warp yarns dyed with indigo dye are woven with different woven fabric weaves, classical denim fabrics weave are produced with 3/1 Z twill weave. The search for new products in denim has led businesses to produce denim-looking knitted fabrics. Denim-looking knitted garments are subjected to industrial washing at the production phase and repetitive household washing processes in daily life. Repeated washing and drying processes cause changes that can affect user satisfaction in terms of losing the colour of the fabric. Therefore, in this study, the colour values of knitted denim fabrics produced as an alternative to denim fabrics manufactured by traditional methods after various industrial (rinse, enzyme and stone washing) and home washes (5, 10, 20 times) were examined. For this, the CIELab colour system was taken as the basis for colour analysis on a spectrophotometer device. As a result of the washing processes performed on each fabric sample (household washing and rinse, enzyme, stone washing applications), it was observed that there were differences in colour values depending on the fibre type, loop yarn length, fabric construction and washing process.

20

Effect of accelerated ageing on some surface properties of UV-coated hackberry (Celtis australis L.) wood parquet

Ayata Ümit, Esteves Bruno, Gürleyen Levent, Çakicier Nevzat, Ferreira Jose, Domingos Idalina, Türk Mutlu

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2021

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vol. 64, nr 208

17--33

EN

The importance of UV-curable coatings is currently increasing. In the parquet industry, where UV systems are applied, it is beneficial to investigate new tree species as potential raw materials. This study was carried out to determine the effect of accelerated ageing on some surface properties of hackberry (Celtis australis L.) wood treated with UV system parquet varnish. UV system parquet varnishes were applied to hackberry wood surfaces in three and five layers, according to the requirements of industrial applications. The varnished surfaces were then exposed to UV rays for 252 and 504 h using UVA-340 lamps in a QUV ageing device. Glossiness, colour parameters, pendulum hardness and adhesion strength (pull-off) (MPa) were determined for the coated samples before and after ageing, and the results for the aged and unaged test samples were compared. Analysis of variance showed that the results were significant for all tests. The results for all tests varied by ageing time.