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1

Wykorzystanie analizy rozkładu stałego pola magnetycznego do oceny stanu zbrojenia stalowego w materiałach kompozytowych

Kołecka Olga, Jastrzębski Radosław, Jakubas Adam

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

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R. 101, nr 3

182--185

PL

W pracy skupiono się na metodzie diagnostyki stanu zbrojenia w materiałach kompozytowych wykorzystujących stal jako zbrojenie. Dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania kamery pola magnetycznego współpracującej z materiałami magnetycznie twardymi oraz elektromagnesami o stałej polaryzacji. Przedstawiono i przeanalizowano ograniczenia oraz warunki umożliwiające wykorzystania takiego rozwiązania.

EN

The paper focuses on a method for diagnosing the state of reinforcement in composite materials using steel as reinforcement. The possibility of using a magnetic field camera working with magnetically hard materials and electromagnets of constant polarity was analysed. The limitations and enabling conditions of such a solution are presented and analysed.

2

Analiza i porównanie wykorzystania kamery termowizyjnej oraz kamery pola magnetycznego do oceny stanu struktury materiałów kompozytowych opartych o materiały ferromagnetyczne

Kołecka Olga, Jastrzębski Radosław, Jakubas Adam

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

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R. 101, nr 3

186--189

PL

W pracy przeanalizowano metodę wykorzystującą promieniowanie podczerwone rejestrowane przy pomocy kamery termowizyjnej oraz pole magnetyczne, którego rozkład jest badany przez kamerę pola magnetycznego. Dokonano bezpośredniego porównania obu metod wskazując ich mocne i słabe strony. Starano się także wskazać obszary w jakich w jakich obie metody mogą być wykorzystywane jednocześnie.

EN

The paper analyzed a method using infrared radiation recorded using a thermal imaging camera and a magnetic field whose distribution is studied by a magnetic field camera. A direct comparison was made between the two methods methods indicating their strengths and weaknesses. An attempt was also made to indicate the areas in in which both methods can be used simultaneously.

3

Strengthening of concrete structures with composite materials with natural fibres

Marcinczak Dorota

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 9

77--84

EN

The article discusses the use of composite materials with natural fibers for strengthening concrete structures. The aim was to investigate the possibility of using flax and hemp fibers as an alternative to synthetic fibers. The research included checking the relationship between the type of fiber and the effectiveness of reinforcement, as well as the effect of the number of fabric layers on the load-bearing capacity of the element in compression.

PL

W artykule omówiono zastosowanie materiałów kompozytowych z włóknami naturalnymi do wzmacniania konstrukcji betonowych. Celem było zbadanie możliwości wykorzystania włókien lnianych i konopnych zamiast włókien syntetycznych. Badania obejmowały sprawdzenie zależności pomiędzy rodzajem włókna a efektywnością wzmocnienia, a także wpływu liczby warstw tkaniny na nośność elementu na ściskanie.

4

Estimating the ultimate limit state of masonry structures from component‑level criteria

Myszor Mariusz, Szabowicz Hubert, Kawa Marek

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 9

115--121

EN

The article presents the application of Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) for assessing the strength of masonry structures. The limit state is determined using both upper and lower bound estimates. The analyses are restricted to a two‑dimensional plane stress problem. The results are presented as limit surfaces corresponding to various orientations of the principal stress axes relative to the masonry material directions. The study shows that the proposed approach to the macroscopic formulation of a masonry strength criterion is computationally efficient compared to conventional Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. Moreover, it can be effectively employed for defining failure criteria in other classes of composite materials.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wykorzystanie analizy granicznej z dyskretyzacją elementami skończonymi do wyznaczania wytrzymałości konstrukcji murowej. Stan graniczny określono w postaci oszacowań: górnego i dolnego. Analizy ograniczono do zadania 2D w płaskim stanie naprężenia. Wyniki zostały zaprezentowane w postaci powierzchni granicznych w przypadku różnych kątów odchylenia osi naprężeń głównych od kierunków materiałowych muru. Wykazano, że zaproponowane podejście do sformułowania makroskopowego kryterium wytrzymałości muru jest efektywne obliczeniowo w porównaniu z analizą metodą elementów skończonych (MES) i może być z powodzeniem stosowane do tego celu.

5

Analiza wpływu rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych na pionowy rozkład odkształceń w kompozytach związanych spoiwem

Walotek Konrad, Olma Anna, Szołtysik Joanna

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 7

230--234

6

Performance of coal-based activated carbon modified with NiFe2O4 for raw water treatment

Subroto, Said Muhammad, Ibrahim Eddy, Hariani Poedji Loekitowati

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

173--185

EN

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an activated carbon/NiFe2O4 composite in the treatment of raw water from the Lematang River, with an emphasis Fe, Mn, and turbidity levels. Activated carbon is produced through the treatment of coal with a KOH activator. The characterization of activated carbon and the activated carbon/NiFe2O4 composite involved X-ray diffraction (XRD), (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface area of activated carbon/NiFe2O4 composite is 293.992 m²/g and demonstrates magnetic properties, indicated by a saturation magnetization value of 21.13 emu/g. The optimal conditions for the removal of Fe, Mn, and turbidity were determined to be a dosage of 0.4 g/L, a contact time of 60 min, and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. Under optimal conditions, the composite demonstrated a significant removal efficiency for Fe (96.12%), Mn (98.78%), turbidity (87.02%), TSS (93.49%), and COD (59.27%), along with an increase in pH from 5.38 to 7.66. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is the appropriate adsorption model to reduce Fe, Mn and turbidity. Activated carbon/NiFe2O4 composite exhibits significant potential for applications in clean water provision.

7

Comparative study of matrix methods for modeling the dispersive character of ultrasonic guided waves

Zitouni Ismaine, Rhimini Hassan, Chouaf Abdelkerim

Engineering Transactions

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 2

305--321

EN

This paper presents a comparative study of various matrix methods for obtaining the dispersion curves of ultrasonic guided waves in anisotropic media for both planar and cylindrical geometries. First, the mathematical formulation of the problem is introduced. Then, matrix methods are employed to generate the characteristic dispersion functions, with a particular focus on multilayer structures. To simplify the problem and enhance convergence, the formulation of Lamb modes is separated from that of shear modes. Dispersion curves are then plotted for single and multilayer planar and cylindrical geometries of propagating modes, with each case identifying the different modes obtained and explaining their symmetry characteristics. The dispersion curves are generated using a MATLAB program and compared with two software tools: Disperse Calculator for plates and GUIGUW for cylindrical structures. A perfect match is observed. A discussion is then presented to highlight the advantages and limitations of the matrix methods, offering reliable insights into which matrix method is most suitable for each type of waveguide and enabling the plotting of convergent curves with minimal computation time.

8

The influence of areal density of prepreg on crashwor thiness of CFRP composite in quasi-static conditions

Ryzińska Grażyna

Composites Theory and Practice

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2025

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R. 25 nr 2

82-89

EN

In this work, experimental compression tests were performed in quasi-static conditions on composite specimens in the form of tubes of two different diameters (20 mm and 42 mm). The specimens were made of 3k carbon prepregs with a dry fabric areal density of 160 g/m2 and 204 g/m2, plain, and unidirectional (UD) with an areal density of 200 g/m2. The experiment determined the maximum forces (Pmax), average forces (Pi), and the value of absorbed energy (SEA). It was shown that the use of a 21% higher areal density increases the SEA by about 25% for the plain prepreg. Changing the type of prepreg from plain to UD with a similar areal density increases the SEA by 39% - 53%.

9

Microstructure and selected mechanical properties of hot-rolled AA2024/SiC composite manufactured by powder metallurgy

Nikiel Piotr, Kutyła Patrycja

Composites Theory and Practice

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2025

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R. 25 nr 2

102-112

EN

This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of an AA2024/SiC composite produced using powder metallurgy, followed by hot extrusion and multi-pass hot rolling. The composite, containing 5 wt% SiC, was fabricated by hot pressing at 450°C, then extruded and rolled with reductions of up to 66.2%. Microstructural analysis revealed uniform distribution of the SiC particles, grain refinement due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and enhanced particle dispersion with increasing rolling reduction. The hardness measurements showed significant improvement, with values increasing from 91 HV1 in the extruded state to 112 HV1 after the final rolling pass, and further grew to 151 HV1 after heat treatment. The tensile tests confirmed a strengthening effect, with the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength rising with rolling reduction from 205 MPa and 304 MPa (after initial rolling) to 236 MPa and 352 MPa (after the final rolling), respectively. Solution treatment and aging of the rolled composite resulted in a sharp increase in yield stress and ultimate tensile strength, reaching 293 MPa and 431 MPa after the first pass, increasing to 375 MPa and 484 MPa after the final pass. The study concludes that hot rolling significantly enhances the mechanical performance of AA2024/SiC composites, with grain refinement and particle fragmentation playing key roles in the strengthening mechanisms.

10

Effect of the amount and location of phase change materials in a fibre reinforced composite matrix on ablative properties

Szczepaniak Robert, Przybyłek Paweł, Krzysztofik Katarzyna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 3

228--237

EN

For this work, fibre-reinforced composites were prepared using 14 layers of aramid fabric and 6 layers of carbon fabric. The matrix was composed of epoxy resin Epidian 52, cured with TFF hardener. The composite cross-linked at ambient temperature. Additionally, a phase change material (PCM) in the form of BASF's Micronal DS5038X powder was added to the resin. Three samples were prepared for each measurement run, varying in the amount of powder additive used in the resin. The composites prepared in this way were subjected to ablation tests lasting approximately 3 minutes, during which the samples were exposed to a hot gas mixture at around 1100°C. The primary parameter measured during the experimental tests was the temperature of the back surface of the composite, recorded using thermocouples and a thermal imaging camera. The temperature of the ablated surface was also measured using a pyrometer, while the internal temperature of the material was recorded using thermocouples. Following the experimental tests, the ablative weight loss and ablation rate were analyzed. Additionally, an organoleptic evaluation of the individual layers of the composite structure was performed. The study revealed that the incorporation of phase change material altered the ablative properties of the composite. The average temperature on the back surface of the composite without the addition of microspheres was approximately 165°C after 180 seconds of heating. With the addition of PCM, significantly lower temperatures were recorded, ranging from 86°C to 106°C. Conversely, the addition of powder in the epoxy resin resulted in an increase in ablative weight loss by 1-4%, depending on the amount of the additive. This may be due to the formation of a layer with a higher thermal conductivity barrier in the composite with PCM.

11

Przegląd i ocena perspektywicznych modyfikacji kompozytów hydrożelowych karboksymetylocelulozy stosowanych w materiałach opatrunkowych

Niedźwiecka Aleksandra, Talik Przemysław

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 5-6

609--623

EN

Dressing materials are an important element in the wound healing process. They form a physical barrier protecting them from infection (or superinfection) and further mechanical damage. The ideal dressing should provide a moist wound healing environment, thereby promoting fibroblast proliferation, accelerating the process of re-epithelialization, reducing the sensation of pain, discomfort, and the likelihood of infection. Other important characteristics are tissue compatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability at a rate compatible with wound healing, adequate antimicrobial activity, mechanical strength, sterility, and ease of use (including seamless removal after healing) [1,2,3]. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative used in a variety of industries. It has been selected for use in the production of hydrogels as wound dressings due to, among other things, its ability to adapt easily to irregularly shaped wounds, absorb exudates, keep the wound moist, and promote autolytic wound debridement. CMC improves wound healing in in vivo models. Nevertheless, it does not meet all the requirements considering all phases of healing such astunable mechanical properties(like stiffness, flexibility, and elasticity) as well as lack of antimicrobial activity (desirable in dressings) [3,8,10]. That’s why it does not constitute a dressing material on its own and additions of other substances (not necessarily polymeric), as well as functionalization of the composite, are necessary. In this article, an attempt is made to detail modifications of carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel composites that are considered prospective. Modifications using biomolecules, polymers, inorganic materials, as well as crosslinking agents were considered.

12

Sliding Composite Material Including Glassy Carbon as a Solid Lubricant

Posmyk Andrzej, Myalski Jerzy, Myalska-Głowacka Hanna

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 4

85--91

EN

The article presents the basics of producing a sliding composite based on a hypoeutectic aluminum alloy reinforced with glassy carbon foam designed for oil-free contacts of machines and devices. The foam with an open porosity of 90% was infiltrated with liquid silumin. The tribological properties of the matrix material and the produced composite were tested in cooperation with GJL-250 gray cast iron on a pin-on-disc tester. A cast iron pin with a diameter of 5 mm slid on discs with a diameter of 45 mm at a velocity of 0.5 m/s and a pressure of 0.25 MPa. Tests were performed in technically dry friction conditions and with limited lubrication by a single application of 2 mg of oil to the friction zone. As a result of the research, it was found that the presence of 10% of glassy carbon enables the sliding of cast iron against AlSi9NiCuMg silumin under technically dry friction conditions, reducing its wear by 15% and the friction coefficient by 20% at the beginning and by 18% at the end of sliding. With limited lubrication, composite disc wear is nine times lower than in the case of a silumin disc and pin wear is almost immeasurable. This confirms the effectiveness of glassy carbon as a solid lubricant.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawy wytwarzania kompozytu ślizgowego na osnowie podeutektycznego stopu aluminium zbrojonego pianką z węgla szklistego przeznaczonego na bezolejowe skojarzenia maszyn i urządzeń. Piankę o otwartej porowatości 90% infiltrowano ciekłym siluminem. Właściwości tribologiczne materiału osnowy i wytworzonego kompozytu badano we współpracy z żeliwem szarym GJL-250 na testerze „pin-on-disc”. Żeliwny trzpień o średnicy 5 mm ślizgał się po tarczach o średnicy 45 mm z prędkością 0,5 m/s przy nacisku 0,25 MPa. Wykonano badania w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego i z ograniczonym smarowaniem przez jednorazowe podanie 2 mg oleju do strefy tarcia. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że obecność 10% węgla szklistego umożliwia współpracę żeliwa z siluminem AlSi9NiCuMg w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego, zmniejszając jego zużycie 15% i współczynnik tarcia o 20% na początku i o 18% na końcu współpracy. Przy ograniczonym smarowaniu zużycie tarczy kompozytowej jest dziewięciokrotnie mniejsze niż siluminowej, a zużycie trzpienia prawie niemierzalne. Potwierdza to skuteczność działania węgla szklistego jako smaru stałego.

13

Resistance of low-emission geopolymer binders with fibers to aggressive external factors

Łach Michał, Przybek Agnieszka, Setlak Kinga, Bazan Patrycja, Hebdowska-Krupa Maria

Structure and Environment

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2024

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Vol. 16, no. 3

134--140

EN

Materials called geopolymers are considered an alternative to common hydraulic binders, but they have certain limitations in many applications due to their brittleness. The use of fibers to reinforce geopolymers can bring the expected results by increasing their compressive strength. This paper presents the results of accelerated durability tests of geopolymers based on coal shale and fly ash reinforced with natural fibers (1% by mass). The results of testing the resistance of such composites to UV radiation, variable temperature cycles and the results of the thermal conductivity coefficient are presented.

PL

Materiały zwane geopolimerami uznawane są za alternatywę dla powszechnych spoiw hydraulicznych jednak posiadają one pewne ograniczenia w wielu zastosowaniach ze względu na ich kruchość. Zastosowanie włókien do zbrojenia geopolimerów może przynieść oczekiwane rezultaty zwiększając ich wytrzymałość na zginanie. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano wyniki przyspieszonych badań trwałości geopolimerów na bazie łupków węglowych i popiołu lotnego wzmocnionych włóknami naturalnymi (1% mas.). Przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności takich kompozytów na działanie promieniowania UV, zmiennych cykli temperaturowych oraz przedstawiono wyniki badań współczynnika przewodzenia ciepła.

14

Effect of conductive carbon black on the lightning strikes resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin

Krajewski Dariusz, Oleksy Mariusz, Oliwa Rafał, Masłowski Grzegorz, Filik Kamil, Karnas Grzegorz

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 7-8

413--419

EN

The effect of conductive carbon black (0.5 wt%) on the properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact strength, tensile and flexural properties, electrical conductivity, and resistance to lightning discharges) was investigated. The composites were obtained by the infusion method. A slight decrease in flexural modulus was observed, while the hardness and Young’s modulus increased. The resistivity decreased four times. Simulated multiple lightning discharges confirmed the better electrical conductivity of the composite with the addition of conductive carbon black, which resulted in five times decrease in the laminate damage area.

PL

Zbadano wpływ sadzy przewodzącej (0,5% mas.) na właściwości żywicy epoksydowej wzmocnionej włóknem węglowym (twardość Rockwella, udarność Charpy’ego, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i zginaniu, przewodnictwo elektryczne i odporność na wyładowania atmosferyczne). Kompozyty otrzymano metodą infuzji. Zaobserwowano nieznaczne zmniejszenie modułu sprężystości przy zginaniu, przy jednoczesnym zwiększeniu twardości i modułu Young’a. Rezystywność zmniejszyła się 4-krotnie. Symulowane wielokrotne wyładowania atmosferyczne potwierdziły lepszą przewodność elektryczną kompozytu z dodatkiem sadzy przewodzącej, co przełożyło się na 5-krotne zmniejszenie obszaru uszkodzenia laminatu.

15

Effect of carbon nanotubes on the structure and selected properties of polymer-bitumen binders

Bieliatynskyi Andrii, Bakulich Olena, Trachevskyi Viacheslav, Ta Mingyang

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 10

539--557

EN

The effect of CNTs on the structure, rheological and mechanical properties of polymer-bitumen binders (PBB) was investigated. CNTs were obtained by pyrolysis of acetylene, toluene, dichloromethane, acetonitrile and a mixture of carbon disulfide and dichloromethane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis (DSC, TGA) were used to characterize CNTs. It was proven that CNTs stabilize PBBs, slowing down the degradation processes. Compared to the reference sample, the use of CNTs resulted in a slight decrease in both the tensile strength of the asphalt after 3 h of heating at 20°C (4%) and the compressive strength at 50°C (3%).

PL

Zbadano wpływ CNT na strukturę, właściwości reologiczne i mechaniczne lepiszczy polimerowo-bitumicznych (PBB). CNT otrzymano w wyniku pirolizy acetylenu, toluenu, dichlorometanu, acetonitrylu oraz mieszaniny disiarczku węgla i dichlorometanu. Do charakterystyki CNT zastosowano transmisyjną mikroskopię elektronową (TEM), dyfrakcję rentgenowską (XRD), spektroskopię Ramana oraz analizę termiczną (DSC, TGA). Wykazano, że CNT stabilizują PBB, spowalniając procesy degradacji. W porównaniu z próbką odniesienia zastosowanie CNT skutkowało niewielkim zmniejszeniem zarówno wytrzymałości na rozciąganie asfaltu po 3 h ogrzewania w temperaturze 20°C (4%), jak i wytrzymałości na ściskanie w temperaturze 50°C (3%).

16

Diffuse plasma surface modification of natural rubber-based composite (Rapid communication)

Ďurišová Silvia, Pajtášová Mariana, Ondrušová Darina, Janík Róbert, Lokšíková Simona, Božeková Slavomíra, Labaj Ivan, Klepka Tomasz

Polimery

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2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 7-8

450--453

EN

The article investigates the effect of diffusion plasma exposure time (30 s, 60 s) on the physicochemical surface properties of the natural rubber-based composite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to assess the properties. Wettability and surface free energy tests were also performed. The application of plasma leads to surface oxidation (EDS). The obtained properties did not change for 21 days, and the plasma exposure time had no significant effect on the physicochemical changes of the composite surface.

PL

W artykule zbadano wpływ czasu oddziaływania plazmy dyfuzyjnej (30 s, 60 s) na właściwości fizykochemiczne powierzchni kompozytu na bazie kauczuku naturalnego. Do jej oceny zastosowano spektroskopię fotoelektronów rentgenowskich (XPS), mikroskopię skaningową elektronową (SEM) z dyspersyjną spektroskopią rentgenowską (EDS). Przeprowadzono również badania zwilżalności oraz swobodnej energii powierzchniowej. Zastosowanie plazmy prowadzi do utleniania powierzchni (EDS). Uzyskane właściwości nie zmieniały się przez 21 dni, a czas ekspozycji plazmy nie miał istotnego wpływu na zmiany fizykochemiczne powierzchni kompozytu.

17

Ocena możliwości zastosowania powłoki laminatowej do naprawy i wzmocnienia płaszcza stalowego zbiornika paliwowego o osi pionowej

Gacki Dawid, Słowiński Kamil

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 5

31--35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przebieg i rezultaty badań, których celem była ocena wybranych właściwości powłok poliestrowo-szklanych stosowanych do naprawy i wzmacniania płaszczy stalowych zbiorników cylindrycznych na paliwa płynne. Na podstawie badań doświadczalnych określono ryzyko powstania delaminacji kompozytu stalowo-laminatowego na skutek działania obciążeń o charakterze dynamicznym, a także wpływ zróżnicowanej temperatury, w jakiej pracuje laminat wewnątrz zbiornika, na twardość wykonanej z niego powłoki naprawczej. Dokonano również oceny stabilności wymiarów i kształtu powłoki laminatowej w warunkach wyjątkowych, w których poddawana jest ona ekspozycji na podwyższoną temperaturę. Podjęto także próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące wpływu zastosowania powłoki laminatowej na nośność płaszcza zbiornika wzmocnionego z jej użyciem.

EN

The article presents the course and results of research which purpose was aimed at evaluation of selected properties of polyester-glass coatings used to repair and strengthen the jackets of steel cylindrical tanks with a vertical axis for the storage of liquid fuels. Through experimental research, the issues related to the risk of delamination of the steel-laminate composite as a result of dynamic loads, as well as the impact of different temperatures at which the laminate operates inside the tank on the hardness of the laminate coating were identified. The stability of the dimensions and shape of the laminate coating in exceptional conditions where it is subjected to an exposure to elevated temperature was also assessed. An attempt was also made to answer the question about the impact of the use of a laminate coating on the load bearing capacity of the tank shell strengthened with it.

18

Effects of infill density on mechanical properties of additively manufactured chopped carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

Mayandi K., Rigesh K., Nagarajan Rajini, Ismail Sikiru O., Krishnan Kumar, Mohammad Faruq, Al-Lohedan Hamad A.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

42--51

EN

In this present study, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was used to fabricate the composites. Before three-dimensional (3D) printing, samples were designed according to the ASTM D256, D790 and D3039 standards for impact, flexural and tensile tests, respectively, using Onshape software before conversion to an STL file format. Afterward, the digital file was sliced with infill densities of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The composite samples contained chopped carbon fiber (cCF) and poly lactic acid (PLA), as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. The cCF/PLA (simply called cCFP) filaments were printed into various cCFP composite (cCFPC) samples, using a Viper Share bot 3D machine with different infill densities before the aforementioned mechanical testing. The tensile strength of cCFP were obtained as 25.9MPa, 26.9MPa and 34.75MPa for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. Similarly, the flexural strength of cCFP were obtained as 11.8MPa, 12.55MPa and 18.4MPa and impact strength was 47.48kJ/m2, 48.45kJ/m22 for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. The fractured/tested samples were examined and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the presence of fiber and void in the tensile sample. Based on the experimental results, it was evident that a high infill density of 100% with the highest reinforcement exhibited maximum impact strength, tensile and flexural strengths and moduli when compared with other lower carbon content of cCFPC samples. Therefore, the optimal 3D-printed cCFPC sample could be used for engineering application to benefit from properties of the polymer matrix composite materials and possibilities through additive manufacturing (AM).

19

Material tests of composite rings with recyclates for pipe flange connections

Wróbel G., Kalicki M., Walczak K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 122, nr 2

61--68

EN

Purpose: This study aims to determine the material properties of the structural components of the composite ring material for pipe flange connections. Design/methodology/approach: The study included structural components, in particular resins and composites based on them, characterised by the share of recyclate in the form of post-production waste composites with different degrees of fineness. Findings: The study results include the physical characteristics of resins and mechanical characteristics of composite materials based on their matrix, using fillers of different compositions and granulation. Practical implications: The research results are the material-structural solutions of rings meeting the strength and functional performance criteria of rings intended for circular pipe connections. Originality/value: Determination of structural components of composite for loose rings in pipe flange connections. The achievement of the research is the identification of the most favourable combinations of component materials of composites for rings in structural solutions for pipe flange connections using loose rings.

20

Evaluation of tensile strength and flexural strength of GFRP composites in different types of matrix polymers

Sulistyo A. B., Wirawan W. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 123, nr 2

49--57

EN

Purpose: Resin selection has a crucial role in determining the properties and performance of GFRP composites; this study aims to investigate the effects of different resin types, specifically epoxy, bisphenol, ripoxy, and polyester, on the mechanical strength of GFRP composites. Design/methodology/approach: The composites were fabricated using the conventional method of hand lay-up technique with a fiber to matrix ratio of 60:40 wt%. The glass fibre laminate arrangement consists of 4 layers, two layers of Woven Roving Mat (WRM) fibres (0°/90°) and 2 layers on the outer side of the Chopped Strand Mat (CSM). The composite specimens were molded using the ASTM D-838 tensile test standard and ASTM D-790 for the bending test. Findings: The research results found that the maximum tensile strength was obtained by GFRP composite with ripoxy matrix type of 181.6 MPa, strain of 0.028%, and flexural strength of 1387 MPa. Composites using polyester matrices can generally be classified as splitting in multiple areas where failure occurs in various areas, but the composite has very high strength. Research limitations/implications: Material experiments conducted on a scientific laboratory scale may not fully reflect the behaviour of composites in actual conditions. Furthermore, aspects such as environmental influences, sustained stresses, or fatigue effects may need to be considered in further research. This evaluation also does not consider the effects of long-term exposures or ageing on the mechanical properties of GFRP composites. Investigating the behaviour of materials over long periods can provide important insights into their durability and reliability in practical applications. Practical implications: In GFRP composites, the application of resin to the fibres is critical. The performance and mechanical characteristics of GFRP composites are largely determined by the polymer matrix. Composites with epoxy, polyester, or bisphenol matrices can be compared to composites with the most equivalent tensile strength values, but composites with ripoxy matrices can be suggested. However, the GFRP composite with bisphenol matrix has an excellent bending strength value. As a result, numerous applications exist for implementing matrix selection in producing GFRP composites. Originality/value: The reliability of the tensile properties of GFRP composites was obtained using the ripoxy matrix type. Furthermore, the reliability of the flexural properties of the composites was obtained using the bisphenol matrix type.