Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Risk assessment in maritime autonomous surface ship long-distance voyage planning

Abramowicz-Gerigk Teresa, Burciu Zbigniew

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 81 (153)

76--83

EN

Rapid technological progress in the field of autonomous surface ships (MASS) has outpaced international regulations concerning the safety of their operation and various research centers and classification societies, which independently conduct work on requirements of MASS safety. The implementation of “remote” risk management during MASS voyages, with the support of remote operations center (ROC) operators, is generally recognized as key to safety in MASS operations. This paper presents issues related to the operation of MASS in the context of long-distance voyage planning, taking into account the risk management process. The factors initiating hazards in MASS operation are described with the background of current requirements for the crewed ships. The voyage plan and route selection are presented using the example of a bulk carrier sailing from Gdynia to Miami in the winter season. A MASS casualty accident probability model related to the hazards occurring at individual stages of the ship’s voyage, based on the Poisson distribution, is proposed.

2

Microbiological quality and risk assessment of non-regulated lakes used for recreational and economic purposes

Kukułowicz Anita, Jaroniec Wiktoria

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 215

259--267

EN

Purpose: This study aims to assess the microbiological quality and risks associated with nonregulated lakes used for recreational and economic purposes. It highlights the potential risks these lakes pose to public health, especially in terms of waterborne diseases, due to fluctuations in water quality influenced by seasonal variations, human activities, and environmental factors. By evaluating the microbiological contamination levels of lakes that are not part of the formal monitoring system, this research seeks to fill a gap in understanding the risks posed by these bodies of water. Design/methodology/approach: The research employs a combination of water sample collection and microbiological analysis to determine the contamination levels of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli in various water samples taken from a non-regulated lake (Wyspowo Lake). The study compares contamination levels in nearshore and lake center areas during different months to assess variability in water quality. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of differences between sampling sites. Findings: The study found that the water quality in Wyspowo Lake generally met the acceptable bathing water quality standards. However, exceedances of Enterococcus spp. counts were recorded, particularly for two shore samples collected in June and five collected in July. Shore samples consistently showed higher bacterial levels than samples collected from the lake center, especially for Enterococcus spp. These findings highlight the need for increased monitoring of non-regulated lakes to protect public health. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited by seasonal sampling and the absence of continuous monitoring. Future research could involve more frequent sampling and explore the effects of local human activities on water quality. Practical implications: Improved monitoring systems for non-regulated lakes are essential for protecting public health. The study suggests integrating quality and risk management strategies into local monitoring practices. Social implications: The study has significant social implications as it highlights the potential health risks posed by non-regulated lakes, which are often frequented by local communities for recreational purposes. By improving water quality monitoring and public awareness, the research could contribute to better public health outcomes and foster a culture of responsible recreational use of natural resources. Additionally, it could inform local policy decisions related to water management and environmental health, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for people living near these lakes. Originality/value: This article provides original insight into the microbiological quality and risk assessment of an unregulated lake. It adds value to this field by addressing the microbiological safety of lakes not covered by official regulatory systems and proposing practical solutions for improving water quality monitoring and risk management. The article is intended for local authorities, environmental health experts, and public health, water management, and environmental policy researchers

3

Reliability and Availability Analysis of Transport System Composed of Dependent Subsystems

Dziula Przemysław

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

187--195

EN

The paper presents reliability and availability analysis of the transport system, taking into account its structure, that is composed of dependent subsystems. The issues introduced are basing on the assumption that one subsystem impacts on functioning of other subsystems, meaning - disruptions occurring within the subsystem can reduce functionality and change level of safety and inoperability of others. By means of multistate approach to analysis, it has been assumed that the deterioration of one subsystem affects the reliability of other subsystems and the entire system. Following this assumption, the transport system reliability function and its basic reliability characteristics were determined. In addition, the system availability function was set out, assuming that its renewal is carried out when its reliability falls below a certain threshold. Furthermore, the reliability and availability analysis of the transport system were conducted, taking into account additional stress on its particular subsystem at certain time points. The summary contains conclusions resulting from the analysis and comparison for various additional stress levels.

4

An Assessment of Long-term Spatial Agnosticism of GNSS Positioning Degradation Risks Due to Ionospheric Conditions

Sikirica Nenad, Hedji Ivan, Mikša Marko, Brčić David, Ciriković Enes, Filjar Renato

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

85--89

EN

The Global Navigations Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been evolved into an essential infrastructure of modern civilisation, a public goods, and enabler of rapidly growing number of technology and socio-economic applications. However, GNSS applications often lack fundamental details on GNSS Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT services performance to define and determine their Quality of Service (QoS). The lack of alignment with the core GNSS PNT deprives GNSS applications of assessing the risks of the GNSS PNT utilisation, thus leaving GNSS applications unable to prepare alternatives and mitigate the causes of GNSS PNT performance disruptions. Here we contributed to solution of the problem with the introduction and long-term performance assessment of the risk model of ionospheric-caused GNSS positioning degradation. Called the Probability of Occurrence (PoO), our team defined the risk model of GNSS positioning degradation caused by ionospheric conditions based on the long term observations of occurrences of degraded GNSS positioning performance. In the process of the GNSS risk model validation, the long-term PoO risk models are developed using the annual 2014 stationary GNSS horizontal positioning error observations derived from the GNSS pseudoranges collected at the International GNSS Service (IGS) reference stations situated in polar (Iqaluit, Canada) and sub-equatorial regions (Darwin, Australia). Two GNSS risk models are compared for similarity using statistical methods of Hausdorff distance and Cramér–von Mises statistical test. Research results show that two GNSS risk models are spatially agnostic, since no significant difference in two long-term GNSS risk models is found. The research results supports the conclusion of generality of the PoO GNSS risk model, and its ability to serve GNSS applications developers, operators, and users in determination of the QoS of particular GNSS applications.

5

Skutki wycieku i ocena ryzyka dla gazociągów transportujących mieszaniny wodoru z gazem ziemnym : studium przypadku

Kuczyński Szymon

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 9

886--896

PL

Dokonano oceny wypływu i rozproszenia gazu z rurociągu DN200 przesyłającego: (i) metan (uproszczenie dla gazu ziemnego), (ii) mieszaninę metan-wodór (o zawartości wodoru 10%) oraz (iii) wodór (100%). Zmienny w czasie wypływ (uwolnienie) gazu przez wyłomy o średnicach 10, 30 i 50 mm zasymulowano w programie DNV Phast. W symulacji przyjęto automatyczne odcięcie sekcji w czasie 30 s oraz wiatr o prędkości 1,5 m/s. Jako miary zagrożenia przyjęto odległość dla dolnej granicy wybuchowości (DGW) oraz do 0,5DGW. Przebiegi spadku ciśnienia dla metanu i mieszaniny z 10% H₂ były zbliżone, a dla czystego wodoru spadek ciśnienia następował najszybciej. W przypadku wyłomu o średnicy 50 mm początkowy wydatek masowy wynosił ok. 3 kg/s (CH₄), ok. 2,9 kg/s (90% CH₄ + 10% H₂) oraz ok. 1 kg/s (H₂). Odległości maksymalne w kierunku wiatru, dla których osiągnięto stężenie DGW wynosiły ok. 2 m dla metanu, ok. 2,2 m dla mieszaniny 90% CH₄ + 10% H₂ oraz ok. 7 m dla wodoru. Analogiczne odległości dla 0,5DGW były mniej więcej dwukrotnie większe (ok. 5 m dla metanu i ok. 13 m dla wodoru). Dodatek 10% wodoru do metanu nie zwiększył rozmiaru strefy zagrożenia wybuchem w badanych warunkach. Szerszy zakres palności wodoru oraz mała energia zapłonu zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo zapłonu w pobliżu źródła wycieku. Wyniki wykazały, że rurociągi przesyłające gaz ziemny z 10-proc. domieszką wodoru mogą osiągnąć poziom ryzyka porównywalny z tym dla przesyłu gazu ziemnego. Jest to możliwe pod warunkiem szybkiego odcięcia dopływu gazu w przypadku wykrycia nieszczelności poprzez system detekcji wodoru, zapewnienia wentylacji oraz monitorowania stanu materiałów.

EN

The discharge and dispersion from a buried DN200 pipeline carrying MeH, a MeH-H₂ blend, or H₂ were assessed. Time-dependent releases through 10-, 30- and 50-mm breaches were simulated in DNV Phast software with 30 s automatic isolation, neutral stability, and 1.5 m/s wind. Hazard metrics were distances to the lower explosive limit (LEL) and to 0.5 LEL. Discharge for MeH and the 10% H₂ blend were similar, while H₂ depressurized was fastest. For a 50 mm breach, initial mass flows were ~3 kg/s (MeH), ~2.9 kg/s (10% H₂), and ~1 kg/s (H₂). Maximum downwind LEL distances were ~2 m (MeH), ~2.2 m (90% MeH/10% H₂), and ~7 m (H₂). The 0.5 LEL distances were roughly doubled (~5 m for MeH and ~13 m for H₂). Thus, a 10% H₂ addn. did not enlarge the flammable footprint under the tested conditions, though H₂ wider flammability range and low ignition energy raise ignition likelihood near the source. The pipelines transporting natural gas with 10% H₂ can achieve risk levels comparable to MeH when rapid isolation, reliable leak detection (including H₂ sensing), ventilation, and materials monitoring were applied.

6

Ocena ryzyka w przedsięwzięciach modernizacyjnych obiektów szkolnictwa wyższego z wykorzystaniem logiki rozmytej

Leśniak Agnieszka, Skrzypczak Olga

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 4

140--143

PL

Praca dotyczy oceny ryzyka w inwestycjach publicznych, koncentrując się na naprawach i modernizacji wybranych obiektów szkolnictwa wyższego. Głównym celem jest identyfikacja potencjalnych czynników ryzyka oraz propozycja metody oceny ryzyka z wykorzystaniem teorii zbiorów rozmytych. Wykorzystanie logiki rozmytej i metody Mandamiego pozwala na uwzględnienie niepewności i ocen subiektywnych dla czynników ryzyka i skutków ich wystąpienia. Każdy z zaproponowanych czynników ryzyka jest analizowany za pomocą rozmytych funkcji przynależności dla niskiego, średniego i wysokiego prawdopodobieństwa jego wystąpienia oraz powstałych konsekwencji. W efekcie poziom ryzyka został przedstawiony jako trójelementowy zbiór, którego elementami są rozmyte podzbiory opisane zmiennymi lingwistycznymi: R = {niskie, średnie, duże}. Wyniki analizy wskazują na konieczność szczególnego uwzględnienia ryzyk związanych z koordynacją prac oraz zapewnieniem odpowiednich kwalifikacji pracowników, co jest kluczowe dla zminimalizowania ryzyka opóźnień i błędów w realizacji przedsięwzięć.

EN

The work pertains to the assessment of risk in public investments, focusing on the repairs and modernization of selected higher education facilities. The main objective is to identify potential risk factors and propose a method for risk assessment using fuzzy set theory. The use of fuzzy logic and the Mamdani method allows for the consideration of uncertainties and subjective evaluations of risk factors and their impacts. Each of the proposed risk factors is analyzed using fuzzy membership functions for low, medium, and high probability of occurrence and resulting consequences. Consequently, the level of risk is presented as a three-element set, whose elements are fuzzy subsets described by linguistic variables: R = {low, medium, high}. The results of the analysis indicate the necessity of paying particular attention to risks related to the coordination of work and ensuring the appropriate qualifications of employees, which is crucial for minimizing the risk of delays and errors in the implementation of projects.

7

Integration of national cybersecurity standards into the geographic information systems in the context of critical infrastructure security management

Stanik Jerzy, Kiedrowicz Maciej

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2025

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Vol. 5, no. 1

111--121

EN

In the era of increasing digitization and dependence on information technologies, cybersecurity is becoming a key element of critical infrastructure management. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a vital role in monitoring, analyzing, and managing infrastructure assets. This paper explores the integration of national cybersecurity standards with GIS systems, focusing on critical infrastructure security management. A literature review and case studies of cybersecurity standards implementation in GIS systems allow for the identification of the main challenges and requirements. The article also presents methods of risk assessment and incident management in the context of GIS. The results of the research indicate the need for close cooperation between cybersecurity professionals and GIS users to ensure comprehensive protection of critical infrastructure. The article concludes with practical conclusions and proposals for future research directions in the area of integration of cybersecurity standards with GIS systems.

8

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Roof Runoff. A Case Study from Wrocław, Poland

Hołtra Anna, Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota, Ferenc Zbigniew

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 1

93--109

EN

The study focused on the determination of heavy metals originating from anthropogenic sources to assess the environmental and health risks to city residents. The single pollution indices showed the key pollutants in soils such as Zn, Cd, and Pb. Contamination level assessment and the toxicity of pollutants were done by the multi-elemental pollution indices. They showed heavy pollution of tested soils with high ecological risk. The correlation analysis and the principal component analysis model were utilized to identify the relative contribution of metals to soil pollution and provide information about the potential sources of metals. The most important for elemental composition in soils in Wrocław are three emission sources: leaching of pollutants from the materials used in the roof coverings and guttering, domestic heating with fossil fuel combustion and other solid materials, leaching of the air pollution including of the road traffic. The health risk analysis shows that ingestion and then dermal contact are the greatest exposure pathways for humans. The health risk was low, although children have greater risks than adults.

9

Analysis of sediment’s quality of the Oława River in Poland using indices of heavy metals and statistical techniques

Hołtra Anna, Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota, Ferenc Zbigniew

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 2

105--117

EN

This case study reports a dataset enabling the analysis of heavy metal concentrations in sediments collected in the Oława River basin. The focus is on the ecological risk associated with six metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). The key information on the pollution status of the aquatic environment is provided by the single- (EF, Igeo, and PI) and the multi-elemental (PLI, PINem, RI, and MERMQ) pollution indices, and statistical techniques such as Spearman’s correlation, the principal component analysis, and the cluster analysis. The sediments indicate the presence of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni, a smaller input of Cr, and the absence of Cd, according to criteria from the State Working Group on Water in Germany (the LAWA’s guidelines) and pollution indices. As assessed by the RI index and the sediment quality guidelines (the SQGs), the potential ecological risk is possible to occur at some sampling points as a result of uncontrolled emission of pollutants. This resource supports environmental monitoring, risk management, and comparative re-search of aquatic environments.

10

Identification of threats affecting the risk of urban regeneration of post-industrial areas

Apollo Magdalena, Rzepecki Łukasz

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 71, nr 1

327--345

EN

One of the main problems of highly urbanized areas is progressively degrading land. This process is mainly caused by the closure of enterprises that have failed to adapt to the realities of the economy and the lack of investment. Post-industrial areas are usually large, diverse, and polluted complexes that may have historical and locational value. Currently, there is a growing interest among European city authorities in this type of land, which can be revitalized to create, i.e., leisure and recreation areas. The need to preserve cultural values, while adapting the space to the new reality, requires verification of risk factors affecting the urban regeneration process. In this article, the authors attempt to create a ranking of the risk factors of post-industrial area urban regeneration. A statistical analysis was conducted preceded by the collection of data in the form of assessments of the probability and severity of the identified urban regeneration risk factors. This ranking was created to identify the key factors for urban regeneration risk estimation. The analysis conducted revealed that the most significant urban regeneration risk factors are related to, i.e., poor technical condition of buildings and structures, environmental degradation, as well as logistical problems.

PL

Jednym z głównych problemów obszarów wysoce zurbanizowanych jest pojawianie się terenów, które ulegają stopniowej degradacji. Proces ten spowodowany jest przede wszystkim likwidacją przedsiębiorstw, które nie zdołały przystosować się do realiów gospodarki oraz brakiem nakładów inwestycyjnych. Obszary poprzemysłowe to zwykle duże, zróżnicowane i zanieczyszczone kompleksy związane głównie z przemysłem lekkim i ciężkim posiadające często walory historyczne i lokalizacyjne. Obecnie zauważa się wzrost zainteresowania władz europejskich miast tego typu terenami, które mogą zostać zrewitalizowane, tworząc m.in. miejsca wypoczynku i rekreacji. Szczególnym przypadkiem obszarów poprzemysłowych są całe dzielnice miast, które oprócz struktur przemysłowych pełnią także funkcje mieszkaniowe czy usługowe. Przykładem tego rodzaju struktury jest Letnica, będąca dzielnicą Gdańska. Pomimo dogodnej lokalizacji, występowały tu stagnacja gospodarcza, problemy infrastrukturalne, przestrzenne i społeczne. Jednym z poważniejszych problemów Letnicy była degradacja w wymiarze technicznym. Zespół robotniczej zabudowy mieszkaniowej, wzniesiony na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, oraz infrastruktura przed rozpoczęciem rewitalizacji znajdowała się w bardzo złym stanie technicznym. Ponad 60% wszystkich budynków dzielnicy posiadała wartości kulturowe, które ulegały stopniowemu niszczeniu i zanikały ze względu na brak działań renowacyjnych. Konieczność zachowania wartości kulturowych, a jednocześnie przystosowania przestrzeni do nowej rzeczywistości, zmusza do weryfikacji zagrożeń mających wpływ na proces rewitalizacji. W artykule autorzy podejmują próbę utworzenia rankingu zagrożeń rewitalizacji obszaru poprzemysłowego. Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną poprzedzoną zebraniem danych w postaci ocen prawdopodobieństwa oraz skutków zaistnienia zidentyfikowanych czynników ryzyka rewitalizacji. Ranking ten utworzono w celu wskazania czynników, które są kluczowe w kontekście szacowania ryzyka rewitalizacji. Biorąc pod uwagę przeprowadzoną analizę statystyczną należy stwierdzić, że powstały ranking odzwierciedla rzeczywisty poziom istotności poszczególnych czynników ryzyka rewitalizacji obszaru poprzemysłowego. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują ponadto, iż zakłócenia w realizacji zadań budowlanych spowodowane są m.in. następującymi przyczynami: · napięty harmonogram i ograniczony czas realizacji procesów budowlanych,· problemy z komunikacją i przepływem aktualnych oraz wiarygodnych informacji, · realizacja nietypowych robót i unikatowych rozwiązań, · problemy logistyczne wynikające z jednoczesnej obecności na placu budowy inwestora, wykonawcy, podwykonawcy, mieszkańców dzielnicy. Genezą większości zaistniałych problemów okazał się brak dogłębnej analizy źródeł i czynników ryzyka. Niektóre spośród przyczyn skutkujących opóźnieniami działań podejmowanych na placu budowy i zwiększeniem kosztów, były efektem niemożliwych do przewidzenia błędów popełnionych na etapie planowania. Pozostałe spowodowane były tzw. „czynnikiem ludzkim”, przejawiającym się między innymi zaniedbaniami, niedopatrzeniami, brakiem kompetencji oraz przekazywaniem nieaktualnych i nie w pełni zweryfikowanych informacji.

11

Interlimb biomechanics of female football players during vertical jump as a predictor of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures

Katircioglu Zeynep, Yalcin Begum, Isik Anil, Yargic Melda Pelin, Argunsah Hande

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2025

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Vol. 27, no. 1

191--201

EN

This study investigates inter-limb asymmetry during drop vertical jumps in elite female football players by examining biomechanical variables, such as joint kinematics and ground reaction forces, that are strongly associated with increased anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Methods: Kinematic and kinetic parameters of 12 football players performing a vertical drop jump from a 30 cm high box were recorded using the Xsens MVN Awinda motion capture system and Vald Force Decks. Results: The findings revealed significant differences in range of motion between the limbs, particularly in internal/external rotation and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion ( p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in abduction/adduction or flexion-extension ROM between limbs during both landing phases. Internal/ external rotation range differed significantly during the first landing phase ( p < 0.05), but not the second. Hip joint flexion/extension exhibited minimal variation compared to the ankle and knee, with slight increases observed at the hip. From a kinetic standpoint, concentric mean power demonstrated a strong positive correlation with peak power ( ρ = 0.903), underscoring its crucial role in optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Conclusions: The study evaluated biomechanical indicators strongly linked to ACL injury risk. Findings highlight that asymmetrical loading and movement patterns, especially knee valgus and inter-limb discrepancies, may predispose female athletes to non-contact ACL injuries. These results emphasize the need for neuromuscular training interventions targeting symmetry, proprioception, and controlled landing to reduce injury risk and enhance performance.

12

A method for assessing the criticality of failures of railway vehicle components using the FMECA method

Szkoda Maciej, Kaczor Grzegorz, Grzywna Maciej

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 3

93--106

EN

Assessing the risk of hazards in the operation of rail vehicles is an important part of verifying their reliability and safety. This paper presents an example of the application of the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis included in dedicated railway standards, extended to the Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis with additional criticality factors. This extension allows for the assessment of the risk of failures of assemblies, subassemblies, and components of rail vehicles. Compared to the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis method, the Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis method introduces the indicators, such as: failure mode criticality, criticality of component, criticality of subassembly, and the criticality of assembly. It enables the more precise identification of critical components, subassemblies, and assemblies of the rail vehicles. This precision is crucial for planning preventive actions and maintenance strategies. The new method can be used to validate the results of classical Failure Mode and Effects Analysis using the indicator of failure mode criticality, which relies on the actual failure frequency function obtained from the reliability model of individual failure modes. This would increase the accuracy of the analysis and allow for a better representation of the system's actual behavior. The extended Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis method enables a more comprehensive criticality analysis, considering not only the value of criticality indicators but also their quantities in the reliability hierarchical structure of the analyzed wagons.

13

Situational awareness in autonomous shipping – ship domain in remote MASS operation

Abramowicz-Gerigk Teresa, Burciu Zbigniew

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

889--893

EN

The introduction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in maritime transport creates new challenges that did not previously exist in the case of manned ships, and changes the approach to voyage planning, implementation and monitoring. MASS is not only supposed to be more economical, but also contributes to transport safety and environmental protection, while limiting the impact of the human factor. Taking into account the assumptions of the International Maritime Organization, the implementation of a MASS voyage, supervised by the operator of the Remote Operations Centre (ROC) will require a high level of situational awareness. The paper discusses the determination of the MASS safe navigation domain by ROC operator making decisions under risk conditions. It is expected, that according to Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, the enlargement of MASS domains may result in an increase in human-induced navigation hazards, especially in restricted areas.

14

Identify the trends on Maritime Safety Management system studies: a review

Junaidi Arif, Yudo Hartono, Ab-Samat H. Abdul

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

775--784

EN

Studies to understand the development of the theory and implementation of effective Maritime Safety Management are essential to examine its performance. Therefore, this study aims to identify trends that review Maritime Safety Management using the literature study design model. Data were collected from articles published in Scopus-indexed international journals from 2012 to 2022 and analyzed qualitatively using the Interactive data analysis model. This result showed that the trends responsible include the Effectiveness of the Safety Management System (SMS), developing the model, and identifying sources that raised safety problems. This study discussed these findings in detail, supported by the latest theory and empirical foundation. Furthermore, aspects not examined in preliminary studies were evaluated based on the trend with the evolution of a standard for a SMS, namely the ISM code. Irrespective of implementing this code, ships can still be detained for various reasons. This led to use the AHP-TOPSIS combination method to analyze all findings issued during periodical verification to evaluate the implementation of the SMS on board ship.

15

Evaluation of Maritime Cyber Security (MarCy) Training Programme

Oruc Aybars, Chowdhury Nabin, Gkioulos Vasileios, Katsikas Sokratis

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

743--763

EN

The prevalence of digital technologies is growing in the maritime industry, as in other sectors. Consequently, concerns regarding cyber risks are also escalating. Incidents have occurred in the industry, and findings from academic studies further validate these concerns. While technical measures are being taken against cyber threats, the human element remains another crucial aspect that requires strengthening. To effectively combat cyber threats and vulnerabilities, it is imperative to enhance individuals’ awareness through education and training. In order to address the cyber security training needs of maritime professionals and students, we have developed an approach called the Maritime Cyber Security (MarCy) training programme. In this study, we evaluate all stages of the proposed programme through four conducted training sessions involving different learner groups. As a result, the MarCy programme was improved based on the findings obtained during the training sessions and the feedback from the learners. This study validates that the MarCy programme is an effective approach to meet the cyber security training needs of various groups in the maritime domain.

16

Environmental impact of the oil spill caused by the leakage of the exemplary pipeline in the south Baltic Sea

Wilczyński Przemysław

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

883--888

EN

A significant spillage of oil-derived cargo or fuel in the port areas causes serious threats to the natural environment and to the ship traffic. Hydrometeorological conditions and the availability of means to limit such spillage have a significant influence on the way the oil spill propagates. In the article, the authors presented a simulation of the distribution of oil spills taking place in Port Polnocny in various hydrometeorological conditions and the impact of the spill on areas located near the port. For simulation process was used GNOME an interactive environmental simulation system designed for the rapid modelling of pollutant trajectories in the marine environment.

17

Domestic RoRo ferry safety performance level monitoring based on risk assessment model using IoT: a literature review and application

Nurwahyudy Aleik, Pitana Trika, Nugroho Setyo

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

785--793

EN

Domestic RoRo (roll-on/roll-off) ferry safety has been a growing concern for years due to its continued casualty events, which have significant consequences. However, the development of the transport mode from the perspective of safety performance is considered a slow process due to the nature of its operation and less stakeholder concern. One of the significant issues, among others, lies in monitoring the safety level of the service. This condition results in a lack of awareness in every aspect of operation and every mindset of related parties. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) development has been significantly progressive, covering nearly every aspect of the transport system. The progressive process has been followed by accessibility and affordability of the technology so that every stakeholder can utilise it to the fullest. The paper explores the possibility of IoT technology being included in improving the safety of domestic ferry operations by monitoring the overall safety performance from the perspective of its risk status. The research maps the stakeholder's position based on their function and current or future IoT system. As a risk assessment model, the F-N Curve is used as the base concept for assessing the operation's safety performance and risk state condition. The research identified the possibility of integration under the IoT scheme in dynamic risk assessment. The research also recognises the significant strengths and challenges of integrating every available IoT system, which is contributed by the system's openness.

18

Cybersecurity in maritime industry

Neumann Tomasz

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

765--774

EN

The maritime industry is increasingly adopting digital solutions to optimize operations, reduce costs, improve data processing speeds, promote sustainability, and enhance safety. Advances in information technology, particularly through satellite internet connections, have enabled seamless communication between IT and operational systems. However, these developments also introduce significant cybersecurity risks. To mitigate these challenges, international regulations, such as the IMO’s Maritime Cyber Risk Management Resolution (2021), and guidelines have been implemented, emphasizing the integration of cybersecurity into Safety Management Systems (SMS). Effective cybersecurity management requires a top-down approach, beginning with executive leadership and fostering a culture of cybersecurity throughout organizations. Frameworks like those developed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) complement IMO guidelines by providing tools to assess and manage cyber risks, especially in offshore operations experiencing rapid technological advancements. The offshore sector, vital to renewable energy and maritime economy growth, faces unique risks due to its dependency on interconnected systems. Comprehensive measures are necessary to safeguard navigation, protect infrastructure, and ensure personnel safety while adhering to evolving regulatory and technological standards. This paper highlights the need for robust cybersecurity frameworks to secure maritime operations against emerging threats, including data breaches, system manipulation, and cyberattacks, which pose challenges to global trade and maritime safety.

19

Cyber risk assessment for SHips (CRASH)

Oruc A., Kavallieratos G., Gkioulos V., Katsikas S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 1

115--124

EN

The maritime industry is undergoing a digital transformation, with an increasing integration of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) systems on modern vessels. Its multiple benefits notwithstanding, this transformation brings with it increased cybersecurity risks, that need to be identified, assessed, and managed. Although several cyber risk assessment methodologies are available in the literature, they may be challenging for experts with a maritime background to use. In this paper we propose a simple and effective cyber risk assessment methodology, named Cyber Risk Assessment for SHips (CRASH), that can be easily implemented by maritime professionals. To showcase its workings, we assessed 24 cyber risks of the Integrated Navigation System (INS) using CRASH and we validated the method by comparing its results to those of another method and by means of interviews with experts in the maritime sector. CRASH can aid shipping companies in effectively assessing cyber risks as a step towards selecting and implementing necessary measures to enhance the cyber security of cyber-physical systems onboard their vessels.

20

A multistate approach to reliability analyses of a ship hull structure

Soszyńska-Budny Joanna, Ivošević Špiro

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

897--904

EN

Structural damage in the form of corrosion, fatigue, damage, cracks and fouling can significantly reduce the structural integrity of ships in navigation and decrease the navigation safety. Therefore, numerous studies aim to improve international rules and regulations, and ensure proper maintenance of ships and timely inspections. Classification societies, flag states and port states strive to conduct appropriate inspections of ships with the aim of preventive detection of defects. Through the application of International Safety Management system, companies strive to improve maintenance systems, monitor the condition of ships and conduct risk assessments to reduce potential accidents and negative consequences for people, material goods and the environment. By means of advanced Structural Health Monitoring, the observation and analysis of the physical, chemical or electrical characteristics of components or systems are conducted over time. Such examinations tend to identify the variations that lead to degradation of the current or future performance of the inspected systems and their components. The condition of hull structures is monitored by mandatory requirements which are prescribed by classification societies e.g. the number of thickness measurements of hull structure areas and elements. The measurements create extensive databases that are further used to monitor the condition of existing ships and predict their future conditions. This study relies on a database of 25 bulk carriers aged between 5 and 25 years. The measurements were performed during regular special surveys on the total of 110 fuel tanks located in double bottom area of ships, which provided 3070 measured data in total. The values of the thickness diminution of steel plates due to corrosion were obtained through the measurements of the thickness of the steel plates by means of ultrasound thickness gauging equipment, in accordance with the rules of classification societies. Based on those rules and allowable substance and extensive corrosion, the paper considers the excessive corrosion values (above 20%) that were identified as failures and required the replacement of corroded surfaces. The multistate approach to the reliability analysis of the steel plates of inner bottom plating and the improvement of reliability after critical conditions showed that the usability of the analyzed ships significantly dropped after 15 years of exploitation.