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1

Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid excitation generator with a paralel magnetic circuit based on the coupling of dual optimization algorithms

Sun Tingjun, Hu Wenjing, Meng Fanxi, Wu Jinke, Liu Yixin, Geng Huihui, Liu Weitao, Wang Wei

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 74, nr 1

127--149

EN

The coaxial parallel magnetic circuit dual-rotor hybrid excitation structure generator exhibits several advantages, including high output performance, a wide adjustment range, and excellent stability. This study introduces a topology for a parallel magnetic circuit hybrid excitation generator (PMC-HEG) that utilizes a combination of permanent magnet and electrical excitation. It features salient pole rotors and claw pole rotors, with the latter embedded with permanent magnets, sharing a common stator. The analysis of the rotor magnetic field is conducted using both the equivalent magnetic circuit method and the subdomain method. Through an examination of the generator’s electromagnetic performance, key rotor parameters related to optimization objectives are identified. Finite element simulation analysis is performed on the rotor parameters, employing various optimization algorithms to enhance the salient pole and claw pole rotors, focusing on the amplitude of the induced electromotive force and the distortion rate of the induced electromotive force as optimization targets. The final optimized parameter values are obtained. A prototype is fabricated and tested, with experimental results confirming the reliability of the optimization method. The optimized parallel magnetic circuit hybrid excitation generator demonstrates an increase in the amplitude of the induced electromotive force, an improvement in the fundamental wave of the induced electromotive force, a reduction in harmonic distortion rate, and a significant enhancement in overall output performance.

2

Removal of Diesel Oil from Aqueous Solution Using Agro-Waste Activated Carbon Synthesized by Chemical and Microwave Activation

Taki Estapraq Ameen, Salman Sami D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

10--28

EN

In this article, buckthorn twigs were used to prepare activated carbon preparation by chemical activation with a microwave technique for removing diesel oil from water. buckthorn twigs and activated carbon were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis techniques. Design-Expert (13 Stat-Ease) with response surface methodology (RSM) was selected to identify and analyze the effects of activated carbon preparation factors. These factors include impregnation ratio, impregnation time, and microwave power with exposure time on the adsorption of methylene blue dye. Likewise, the effects of adsorption factors including; diesel oil concentration, pH, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency were studied. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency was 96.0823% with the significance of all adsorption factors. The adsorption data were fitted with the adsorption isotherm and kinetics models. The results showed that Freundlich and second-order kinetic models well described diesel oil adsorption, thus elucidating the applicability of multilayer and chemosorption processes. In addition, the thermodynamics parameters of diesel oil adsorption were determined, and the results demonstrated a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process.

3

Optimizing Organic Contaminants Removal Using Rotating Biological Contactors–A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study

Edris Gaber M., Alhamed Yehia A., Alzahrani Abdulrahim A., Abdel-Aziz Mohamed H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

143--154

EN

This paper presents a study on optimizing organic contaminants removal using rotating biological contactors (RBCs) through a kinetic and equilibrium analysis. Response surface methodology was employed to explore non-linear relationships and identify optimal operating conditions for maximizing dodecane removal efficiency. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was chosen for the research due to its capacity to breakdown a wide range of hydrocarbons. The experimental data were analyzed using Design Expert software, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess the statistical significance of each variable and their interactions. The effects of beginning biomass content, initial dodecane concentration, and disc rotating speed were considered. The research provided insights into the relative importance of different factors and their combined effects on dodecane removal efficiency. The findings contribute to the understanding of microbial processes and the optimization of rotating biological contactor systems for efficient organic contaminant removal.

4

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production by Double-Pipe Static Mixer Reactor

Attahiran Wissarut, Prasertsit Kulchanat, Photaworn Songtham

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

142--157

EN

This study investigates continuous biodiesel production from refined palm oil (RPO) using a 250-cm-length double-pipe static mixer (DPSM), mixing elements were employed first with the low-pressure drop static mixer (LPD-SM) and second with the Kenics Static Mixer (K-SM). Four key independent parameters in the transesterif ication reaction–methanol (MeOH) to RPO molar ratio, KOH concentration, static mixer length, and residence time – were optimized to achieve the desired methyl ester content (%E, wt.%), set at 96.5 wt.%. From response surface methodology (RSM), The optimal conditions of LPD-SM were MeOH to RPO molar ratio at 5:1, KOH concentration at 0.76 wt.% of RPO, 250 cm static mixer length, and 7.7 min residence time. Conversely, K-SM showed optimal conditions with MeOH to RPO molar ratio at 5.5:1, KOH concentration at 0.81 wt.% of RPO, 250 cm static mixer length, and 7.2 min residence time. Statistical analysis revealed KOH concentration as the most influential parameter, followed by residence time, static mixer length, and MeOH to RPO molar ratio, respectively. In summary, LPD-SM outperformed K-SM in reducing the amount of alcohol and catalyst consumption while maintaining %E at the set point, highlighting its potential as an efficient, sustainable approach for biodiesel production from RPO using a DPSM.

5

Surface roughness prediction and roughness reliability evaluation of CNC milling based on surface topography simulation

Zhang Ziling, Lv Xiaodong, Qi Baobao, Qi Yin, Zhang Milu, Tao Zhiqiang

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2024

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Vol. 26, no. 2

art. no. 183558

EN

Surface roughness is influenced by various factors with uncertainty characteristic, and roughness reliability can be used for the assessment of the surface quality of CNC milling. The paper develops a method for the assessment of surface quality by considering the coupling effect and uncertainty characteristicsof various factors. According to the milling kinematics theory, the milling surface topography simulation is conducted by discretizing the cutting edge, machining time, and workpiece. Considering thecoupling effect of various factors, a roughness prediction model isestablished by the SSA-LSSVM, and its prediction accuracy reachesmore than 95%. Then, the roughness reliability model isdevelopedby applying the response surface methodology to achieve the assessment of surface quality. The proposed method is verified by the milling experiments. The maximum values of the relative errors between the simulation and experimental results of the surfaceroughness and roughness reliability are 9% and 1.5% respectively, indicating the correctness of the method proposed in the paper.

6

Optimization of Olea europaea Stone-Activated Carbon Preparation Using Response Surface Methodology for Thiamphenicol Removal in a Fixed Bed Column

Samghouli Nora, Bencheikh Imane, Azoulay Karima, El Hajjaji Souad, Labjar Najoua

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

37--53

EN

The study addresses the persistent issue of thiamphenicol (THI) accumulation in aquatic environments and its detrimental impact on biological systems. While activated carbon is commonly used for removing such organic micropollutants in advanced wastewater treatment, this research explores the innovative use of olive stones as a feedstock for activated carbon production. The novelty of this study lies in the optimization of the activated carbon preparation process using a fractional factorial design with five critical factors: concentration, heating rate, activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio. By employing the methylene blue method to determine the specific surface area (SSA), the optimal conditions were identified: a phosphoric acid solid-liquid ratio of 1:2 (74.52%), a heating temperature of 550 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min, and an activation period of 120 minutes, resulting in an SSA of 53.07 m2/g. The subsequent THI adsorption tests in a fixed-bed column revealed that THI removal efficiency was inversely proportional to flow rate and initial THI concentration, while positively correlated with bed height. This study fills a critical gap by demonstrating an effective, sustainable method for producing activated carbon from agricultural waste, optimizing the process parameters for maximum efficiency in micropollutant removal.

7

Efficiency Evaluation of the Continuous Flow Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Oily-Contaminated Wastewater

Elwakil Abdelaleem, El-Sayed Abd-Elaziz, Ayoub Mohamed, El-Morsy Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 12

203--217

EN

Wastewater generated by edible oil industries is characterized by elevated levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), oils, and grease (O&G), which poses significant challenges for treatment to comply with environmental standards. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of continuous flow electrocoagulation in treating such wastewater and optimizing water quality to meet these standards. A response surface methodology (RSM) approach is employed to evaluate the influence of critical operational parameters, including pH, electrode distance, electric current, and reaction time, on the removal efficiencies of COD and O&G. Numerous experiments are conducted under various conditions to identify the optimal configuration. The results revealed that under optimal conditions of pH 3.81, electrode spacing of 1.5 cm, an electric current of 5 A, and a contact time of 51.42 minutes, removal efficiencies of 91.2% for COD and 93.7% for O&G are achieved. Additionally, the maximum processing efficiency is reached during the second operational cycle, where the residual concentrations of COD and O&G are found to be 36.6 mg/L and 14.2 mg/L, resulting in removal efficiencies of 99.26% and 99.25%, respectively. These findings underscore that the proposed optimized electrocoagulation method can attain higher removal efficiencies for COD and O&G than those previously noted in comparable studies. Consequently, this method could be adopted by industries aiming to comply with stringent environmental regulations. Furthermore, the novel combination of operational parameters addresses a significant gap in wastewater treatment research, providing a sustainable solution for industries managing oily contaminants. However, further research may be necessary to evaluate large-scale applications’ longterm operational stability and cost-effectiveness.

8

Adsorptive Optimization of Abamectin from Aqueous Solutions by Immobilized Eichhornia crassipes

Shihab Mohammed Salim, Ismail Hanan Haqi, Ibrahem Abdullah Ismail

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 10

150--157

EN

Adsorption techniques are frequently used to eliminate particular forms of pesticides. This work aimed to describe the process of adsorbing abamectin (ABM) from aqueous systems onto adsorbents and some factors affecting the process effectiveness. Eichhornia crassipes, also known as water hyacinth (WH), was chemically processed utilizing calcium alginate-immobilized WH and sodium alginate as adsorbent. The response surface method (RSM) was implemented to enhance the operational aspects of the adsorption procedure on the removal of ABM residues from aqueous solution. The results show that 95.65% of the abamectin was removed under the optimum conditions of pH = 3, 1000 mg/L of immobilized WH, particle size = 5 µm, shaking speed = 200 rpm, and 30 mg/L of ABM concentration throughout 180 min contact time. The model’s predicted response results also show a decent agreement with the experimental data (R2 = 86.64%), proving the effectiveness of this approach for developing precise predictions. The responses were assessed using a second-order polynomial multiple regression model, which confirmed a successful adjustment with the obtained data using analysis of variance (R2 = 92.0%, R2 adj = 88.92%, and R2 pred = 82.92%). In conclusion, the results demonstrated the potential application and beneficial adsorption effectiveness of WH in removal of the pesticides from an aqueous solution.

9

Design of experiments and Derringer’s desirability function in optimisation and validation of RP-HPLC method for the analysis of enrofloxacin and its impurities

Dokmanovic Jelena, Kasagic-Vujanovic Irena, Gagic Žarko, Nikolic Katarina, Carapic Marija, Agbaba Danica

Acta Chromatographica

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2024

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Vol. 36, no. 2

132--142

EN

Using the Design of Experiments methodology (Response-Surface Methodology and Derringer’s Desirability Function), a simple, fast and robust RP-HPLC method was developed for the analysis of enrofloxacin (EFC), its impurity A (fluoroquinolonic acid, FQ) and impurity B (ciprofloxacin, CPX). Gradient elution of samples was performed on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (15034.6 mm, 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 32mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 – methanol (0 min-19.6% methanol; 15.5 min-19.6% methanol; 29.5 min-80% methanol; 30 min-19.6% methanol; 35 min-19.6% methanol), delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min1, wavelength of detection 278 nm (for EFX and CFX) and 265 nm for FQ. A good linear response was achieved in the range 15–35 μgmL1 (EFX) and LOQ150% for impurities (CFX and FQ). Other validation parameters were also tested: precision, accuracy, sensitivity and robustness. The developed method was shown to be simple, practical and suitable for the analysis of EFC and its impurities (CPX, FQ) in veterinary drugs.

10

A Novel Method for Optimizing Parameters influencing the Bearing Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Sand Using RSM, ANN, and Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

Lafifi Brahim, Rouaiguia Ammar, Soltani El Alia

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2023

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Vol. 45, nr 2

174--196

EN

In this study, a novel method is proposed to optimize the reinforced parameters influencing the bearing capacity of a shallow square foundation resting on sandy soil reinforced with geosynthetic. The parameters to be optimized are reinforcement length (L), the number of reinforcement layers (N), the depth of the topmost layer of geosynthetic (U), and the vertical distance between two reinforcement layers (X). To achieve this objective, 25 laboratory small-scale model tests were conducted on reinforced sand. This laboratory-scale model has used two geosynthetics as reinforcement materials and one sandy soil. Firstly, the effect of reinforcement parameters on the bearing load was investigated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) tools were applied and compared to model bearing capacity. Finally, the multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) coupled with RSM and ANN models was used to solve multi objective optimization problems. The design of bearing capacity is considered a multi-objective optimization problem. In this regard, the two conflicting objectives are the need to maximize bearing capacity and minimize the cost. According to the obtained results, an informed decision regarding the design of the bearing capacity of reinforced sand is reached.

11

Synteza materiału katodowego LiMn2O4 dla akumulatorów litowo-jonowych

Xueping Wang, Yujing Li, Changyuan Lu

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 10

1013--1017

PL

Spinel LiMn₂O₄ został zsyntetyzowany i wykorzystany do przygotowania materiałów katodowych do baterii litowo-jonowych. Materiały te otrzymano w różnych warunkach syntezy (rodzaj czynników chelatujących, pH, temperatura reakcji, czas reakcji) i badano pod kątem wydajności elektrochemicznej przy użyciu modelu metodologii powierzchni odpowiedzi. Odczyn mieszaniny reakcyjnej odegrał znaczącą rolę w przygotowaniu materiału katody LiMn₂O₄. Zoptymalizowany wskaźnik retencji wyniósł 95,57%.

EN

LiMn₂O₄ spinel was synthesized and used for prepn. cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The materials were studied for electrochem. performance under varying synthesis conditions (types of chelating agents, pH, reaction temp., reaction time) by using the response surface methodol. model. The pH played a significant role in prepn. of the LiMn₂O₄ cathode material. The optimized retention rate was 95.57%.

12

Modeling of the electrostatic separation process in a novel turntable installation for the plastic waste recycling process

Bennihi Sami Mohammed, Touhami Seddik, Aksa Wessim

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 12

15--20

EN

This paper investigates particle electrostatic separation inside a new conical rotary installation using the discrete element method to understand particle behavior related to multiple variables such as the applied high-voltage, particle charge, and mass. The model offers the ability to monitor and control all significant parameters at particle level. The results have been analyzed using the response surface methodology to further understand the relationships between variables. These findings could serve as a blueprint for the manufacturing of an efficient industrial device.

PL

Artykuł ten bada separację elektrostatyczną cząstek wewnątrz nowej stożkowej instalacji obrotowej przy użyciu metody elementów dyskretnych, aby zrozumieć zachowanie cząstek związane z wieloma zmiennymi, takimi jak przyłożone wysokie napięcie, ładunek cząstek i masa. Model oferuje możliwość monitorowania i kontrolowania wszystkich istotnych parametrów na poziomie cząstek. Wyniki zostały przeanalizowane przy użyciu metodologii powierzchni odpowiedzi, aby lepiej zrozumieć zależności między zmiennymi. Odkrycia te mogą posłużyć jako plan produkcji wydajnego urządzenia przemysłowego.

13

Optimization of production process of epoxidized soybean oil with high oxygen content through response surface methodology

Zhang Fengyan, Dong Yonglu, Lin Sudong, Gui Xuefeng, Hu Jiwen

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2023

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Vol. 25, nr 2

21--29

EN

The epoxidation process of soybean oil (SBO) and peracid produced by 50 wt% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid (FA) was studied with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Three reaction parameters, including reaction temperature, FA-to-SBO ratio, and H2O2-to-SBO ratio, were investigated, along with the combined effect on oxirane value (OV). Based on response surface methodology (RSM), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the process parameters. According to the results, the calculated OV (7.34%) and the experimental OV (7.31%) were significantly in agreement. The product was con firmed as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by IR and NMR characterization methods. These results demonstrated the reliability of RSM to optimize the SBO reaction to produce ESO with high oxygen content.

14

Effect of preoxidation on copper flotation from copper-lead mixed concentrate

Peng Zeng, Haiyun Xie, Yanling Jin, Pei Zhang, Jialing Chen, Liu Dianwen

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 2

art. no. 163253

EN

Flotation separation of galena and chalcopyrite is always a difficult problem in mineral processing. In this paper, the selective preoxidation of galena and chalcopyrite with sulfuric acid was developed, and then the two minerals were completely separated by flotation. The surface oxidation mechanism of galena and chalcopyrite with sulfuric acid was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and the results showed that hydrophilic oxide film was formed on the galena surface, while the surface of chalcopyrite is still hydrophobic sulfide film, which led to the separation of the two minerals by flotation. In addition, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the influence of main preoxidation parameters on the flotation separation of copper-lead concentrate, and the parameters were further optimized, as follows: sulfuric acid concentration of 5.3 mol/L, oxidation temperature of 101.8 °C and time of 48.3 min. The mixed concentrate containing Cu 11.57% and Pb 16.75% was preoxidized under the above conditions, and the flotation separation verification results showed that Cu concentrate with Cu grade of 18.09% and recovery of 95.41%, and Pb concentrate with Pb grade of 44.96% and recovery of 95.94% was obtained respectively. This paper provides a new method of preoxidation combined flotation to achieve high-efficiency separation of copper-lead mixed concentrate.

15

Valorization of Banana Bunch Waste as a Feedstock via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Energy Purposes

Sulaiman Sani Maulana, Nugroho Gunawan, Saputra Hendri Maja, Djaenudin, Permana Dani, Fitria Novi, Putra Herlian Eriska

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

61--74

EN

In this article, the potential use of banana bunch waste (BBW) as a source of bioenergy through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated. BBW, a byproduct of banana production, is difficult to use as a fuel due to its low density and carbon ratio. However, its high lignocellulose content indicates its potential as a bioenergy source. To determine the optimal HTC conditions, an experiment was conducted using temperature, water to feedstock ratio, and processing time, with the RSM Box-Behnken method used to produce 15 trial formulations. Energy value and mass yield data were collected to determine the optimal values for both. The main parameter affecting energy yield was found to be the water to feedstock ratio, and the optimal conditions were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C, a water to feedstock ratio of 1.5:1, and a processing time of 15 minutes. The highest energy yield of 99.7% was observed under these conditions, while the lowest mass yield of 25.30% was observed at a temperature of 200°C with a water ratio of 2 and a time of 15 minutes. The heating value of the HTC solid product ranges from 17–27 MJ/kg, which is comparable to low-grade sub-bituminous coal, indicating potential for co-firing with coal and other hydrothermal products as a fuel.

16

The Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process – Analysis by Response Surface Methodology

Salah Al-Shati Ahmed, Alabboodi Khalid O., Shamkhi Hassan A., Abd Zahraa N., Emeen Sara I. Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

260--276

EN

Electrocoagulation (EC) can be defined a method utilized to remove pollutants from wastewater by applying an electric current to sacrificial electrodes. Many experimental variables like NaCl content (0–4 g/l), current density (5–25 mA/cm2), time (30–90 mins), and pH (4–10) that influence the removal efficiency regarding COD were considered. In the presented research, three distinct configurations related to electrodes, i.e. Al-Al, Fe-Al, and Fe-Fe, have been utilized to determine which was the most effective. RSM depending on BBD was utilized for optimizing various operational parameters with regard to HWW by use of EC. Maximum COD removal (97.9%) was reached at Fe-Al electrodes, NaCl (3.2 g/l), current density (24.7 mA/cm2), time (81.7 mins), and pH (7.4). COD removal (91.3%) was achieved at the Al-Al electrodes, NaCl (3.8 g/l), current density(23.5 mA/cm2), time-86.3 min, and Ph (7.7). At the Fe-Fe electrodes, the removal of COD (89.5%) was obtained at NaCl (2.3 g/l), current density (24.6 mA/cm2), pH 8.5, and time (86.9 min). This indicates that EC could remove pollutants from different types of wastewaters under many operating parameters and with arrangements of electrodes.

17

Performance of Intermittent Slow Sand Filter Processing Units in Treating Food Court Wastewater

Fitriani Nurina, Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin, Affandi Moch., Nurdin Rafly Rizqullah, Kurniawan Setyo Budi, Ni'matuzahroh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

117--139

EN

This study aimed to determine the performance of modified slow sand filter (SSF) media with blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) and activated carbon to remove turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG on the food court wastewater. The concentration of water pollutant parameters processed by SSF was determined based on Indonesia water quality standards, as well as knowing the optimum operational parameters of intermittent slow sand filter with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research data was processed using the Optimal type (custom) design which consisted of independent factors including the type of filter media, the addition of bacteria to the grease trap pre-treatment unit, and running time, as well as the research response in the form of the effectiveness of removing turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG. The reactor was operated intermittently (48 hours) for a maximum of 22 days and the concentration of pollutant parameters was calculated using the Standard Methods. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 2FI model of the study showed that there was a significant effect of all independent factors on the effectiveness of removing all water pollutant parameters. The most optimal operational parameters were achieved with the type of activated carbon media, the addition of Bacillus sp. in the grease trap pre-treatment unit in the amount of as much as 1%, and the detention time of 4 days, with the effectiveness of removing turbidity reaching 39.53%; TSS 45.25%; TDS 19.30%; FOG 61.35%.

18

Optimizing Electrodialytic Recovery of Mineral Ions from Bittern Wastewater Using D-Optimality Design

Anggrainy Anita Dwi, Sinatria Afrah Zhafirah, Bagastyo Arseto Yekti, Mohd-Zaki Zuhaida

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

369--379

EN

Electrodialysis has been proven effective due to its high selectivity for separating monovalent and divalent ions. This study statistically evaluated the simultaneous electrodialytic recovery of mineral ions from bittern wastewater. The objective was to investigate the effect of cell number, anode materials, and applied voltage to optimize mineral ion recovery. A D-optimality design response surface methodology was performed to estimate the model parameter and identify the factors contributing to mineral ions recovery. The effects of independent variables and their interactions on the responses were investigated using ANOVA. All developed models were highly significant, with a p-value of <0.0001. The applied voltage was considered very important for the recovery process of all mineral ions as it affects the driving force of ion migration through the ion-exchange membrane. The optimization analysis (desirability value of 0.967) revealed 12% Cl–, 14% SO4 2–, 0.7% Mg2+, and 21% Ca2+ recovery at the combination of 5-cells configuration, graphite electrode, and 9 V.

19

Optimization of Response Surface Methodology for Removal of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater using Low Cost Materials

Mohammed Risalah A., Abdulhasan Maryam Jawad, Raheem Shahad A., Alwared Abeer I., Mohammed Noor A., Kadhim Rand Fadhil, Al-Bayati Alaa Dhari Jawad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

146--156

EN

This study goal to the ability of using low cost materials representing thermestone and aluminum solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant constructed in wastewater treatment plant to remove cadmium ions (Cd(II)). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) used to optimize the optimal parameters that affecting the performance of filter units, these parameters are time, Cd(II) concentration, and filtration rate. These optimized parameters were 9 hr., 5 ppm, 10 l/hr. with removal efficiency of Cd(II) for A-Filter, T-Filter, S-Filter, and A-T-S-Filter was 94%, 95%, 86.8% and 90%, respectively. The result shows that the T-filter has higher cadmium removal efficiency than A-filter, S-filter and S-T-A- filter. While A-filter has a higher removal efficiency of cadmium than the S-filter and S-T-A- filter. While the S-T-A- filter has higher efficiency than S- filter. The result obtained from RSM was good Agreement with the result of experiments. As a result, the optimized process in this paper can be widely utilized with high removal ratio of Cd(II) ions from wastewater samples.

20

Optimization of Particle Size and Ramie Fiber Ratio on Hybrid Bio Panel Production from Oil Palm Trunk as Thermal Insulation Materials

Mawardi Indra, Nurdin, Fakhriza, Rizal Samsul, Aprilia Sri, Faisal Muhammad, Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

39--49

EN

The abundant availability of waste oil palm trunks is one of the potential fibers for new thermal insulation materials. While focusing on the manufacturing of thermal insulation materials, the main points to be considered are particle size, reinforcement fiber ratio, and press durations, besides binders type and temperature. This study aimed to optimize the manufacturing process of hybrid bio panels based on oil palm trunks as thermal insulation material. The response surface methodology (RSM), with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was used to model and optimize the manufacturing process variables. A total of 17 hybrid bio panels were in operation and the independent variables used were particle size, ramie ratio, and press duration. The dependent variables were water absorption, thickness swelling, MOR, and thermal conductivity. The hybrid bio panel obtained under the optimum conditions was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis to observe thermal stability. On the basis of analysis of variance and the contour plot, it was discovered that the interaction between particle size and ramie fiber ratio was a significant variable to optimize hybrid bio panel manufacture. The thermal resistance and modulus of rupture of hybrid bio panels also improved with higher particle size and ramie fiber ratio. The optimum manufacturing process was obtained at OPT particle size of 0.248 mm, ramie fiber ratio of 19.775, and press duration of 25 min. This condition produces a thermal conductivity of 0.079 W/mK, modulus of rupture of 17.702 MPa, water absorption of 54.428%, and thickness swelling of 21.974%. In addition, the hybrid bio panel resulted in thermal stability of 341 °C.